From en.wiktionary.org:
** English
[Trial (disambiguation)]
*** Pronunciation
- [en]
- [en]
- [en]
- [en]
*** Etymology 1
From [en], [enm], from [en], [fro], from [fro] + [fro]. More at English [en].
**** Noun
[wikipedia] [en-noun]
1. An occasion on which a person or thing is tested to find out how well they perform or how suitable they are.
2. * {{ quote-text | en | year=c. 1611 | author= [William Shakespeare] | title= [The Tempest] | section=Act IV, Scene 1 | url=https://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/play_view.php?WorkID=tempest&Scope=entire&pleasewait=1&msg=pl
|passage=all thy vexations / Were but my TRIALS of thy love and thou / Hast
strangely stood the test here}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1847 | author= [Anne Brontë] | title= [Agnes Grey] | location=London | publisher=Thomas Cautley Newby | chapter=3 | page=51 | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft00z7vn0z&seq=59&q1=trial&start=1
|passage=had my powers been less limited, I might have enforced obedience; but
as it was, it was but a TRIAL of strength between her and me, in which she
generally came off victorious}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=2010 | author= [Nadifa Mohamed] | title= [Black Mamba Boy] | publisher=Harper Collins | page=65 | url=https://archive.org/details/blackmambaboy00moha/page/65/mode/1up?q=trial
|passage=Jama saw the sweaty, smelly work as a kind of test that, if passed,
would entitle him to see his father, a TRIAL of his worth as a son and as a
man.}}
1. The testing of a product or procedure .
2. [en] A research study to test the effective ness and safety of a drug , medical procedure, etc.
3. An event in which athlete s’ or animals’ abilities are tested as they compete for a place on a team, or to move on to the next level of a championship , for example.
4. [en] A piece of ware used to test the heat of a kiln .
5. [en] An internal examination set by [Eton College] .
6. [en] An occasion on which armies or individuals meet in combat .
7. * {{ quote-text | en | year=c. 1597 | author= [William Shakespeare] | title= [Henry IV, Part 1] | section=Act V, Scene 1 | url=https://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/play_view.php?WorkID=henry4p1&Scope=entire&pleasewait=1&msg=pl
|passage=In both your armies there is many a soul / Shall pay full dearly for
this encounter, / If once they join in TRIAL.}}
1. A meeting or series of meetings in a court of law at which evidence is presented to a judge (and sometimes a jury ) to allow them to decide on a legal matter (especially whether an accuse d person is guilty of a crime ).
2. * [III]
3. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1847 | author= [Henry Wadsworth Longfellow] | title= [Evangeline] | location=Boston | publisher=Ticknor | section=Part 3, p. 42 | url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015089259124&seq=52&q1=trial&start=1
|passage=She, after form of TRIAL condemned to die on the scaffold, /
Patiently met her doom at the foot of the statue of Justice.}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1960 | author= [Harper Lee] | title= [To Kill a Mockingbird] | location=Philadelphia | publisher=Lippincott | chapter=20 | page=215 | url=https://archive.org/details/tokillmockingbir0000harp_j0p8/page/215/mode/1up?q=trial
|passage=[...] this case should never have come to TRIAL.}}
1. * 2020 , [Charles Yu] , _[Interior Chinatown] ,_ New York: Pantheon, Act [nbsp] VI,
2. *: Your Honor, we object to all of this. The whole thing. This mock TRIAL . The entire justice system is rigged against my client.
3. A difficult or annoying experience or person; [en] such an experience seen as a test of faith and piety .
4. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1678 | author= [John Bunyan] | title= [The Pilgrim's Progress] | location=London | publisher=Nath. Ponder | page=172 | url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A30170.0001.001
|passage=That they are Cowards, many have said, but few have found it so in
the time of TRIAL.}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1818 | author= [Mary Shelley] | title= [Frankenstein] | location=London | publisher=Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones | volume=1 | chapter=5 | page=120 | url=https://archive.org/details/shelleyfrankenstein01/page/120/mode/1up?q=trials
|passage=Poor Justine was very ill; but other TRIALS were reserved for her.}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1908 | author= [Lucy Maud Montgomery] | title= [Anne of Green Gables] | location=Toronto | publisher=Ryerson Press | chapter=12 | page=108 | url=https://archive.org/details/anneofgreengable00montiala/page/108/mode/1up?q=trial
|passage=I’m afraid I’m going to be a dreadful TRIAL to you. Maybe you’d
better send me back to the asylum.}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1955 | author= [J. R. R. Tolkien] | title= [The Return of the King] | location=New York | publisher=Ballantine Books | year_published=1973 | chapter=4 | page=98 | url=https://archive.org/details/returnofking0000tolk_t1r7/page/98/mode/1up?q=trial
|passage=[...] I’m not used [...] to waiting hungry on others while they eat.
It is a sore TRIAL for a hobbit, that.}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=2008 | author= [Tan Twan Eng] | title= [The Gift of Rain] | location=New York | publisher=Weinstein Books | section=Book 2, Chapter 13, p. 365 | url=https://archive.org/details/giftofrain00tant/page/365/mode/1up?q=trials
|passage=You must be strong now, for your greatest TRIALS are still ahead.}}
1. [en] The action of try ing (to do) something, especially more than once. ( _This sense is still current in the expression_ trial and error .)
2. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1719 | author= [Daniel Defoe] | title= [Robinson Crusoe] | location=London | publisher=W. Taylor | page=123 | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandstranges04defogoog/page/n131/mode/1up?q=trial
|passage=Finding my first Seed did not grow, which I easily imagin’d was by
the Drought, I sought for a moister Piece of Ground to make another TRIAL
in,}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1839 | author= [Charles Dickens] | title= [Oliver Twist] | location=London | publisher=Richard Bentley | volume=2 | chapter=28 | page=144 | url=https://archive.org/details/olivertwist02dickrich/page/144/mode/1up?q=trial
|passage=He summoned up all his strength for one last TRIAL, and bent his
faltering steps towards [the house].}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1913 | author= [Willa Cather] | title= [O Pioneers!] | location=Boston | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | chapter=1 | page=18 | url=https://archive.org/details/opioneers00cath_5/page/18/mode/1up?q=trials
|passage=After a dozen TRIALS he succeeded in lighting the lantern,}}
1. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1950 | author= [Rachel Carson] | title= [The Sea Around Us] | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | year_published=1961 | chapter=1 | page=7 | url=https://www.fadedpage.com/books/20190551/html.php
|passage=Before the first living cell was created, there may have been many
TRIALS and failures.}}
***** Derived terms
[en]
***** Translations
[chance to test something out]
- Arabic: [ar] , [ar]
- Armenian: [hy] , [hy]
- Azerbaijani: [az]
- Belarusian: [be] , [be] , [be] , [be] , [be]
- Bulgarian: [bg] , [bg] , [bg] , [bg]
- Catalan: [ca] , [ca]
- Chinese:
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi] , [fi] , [fi] , [fi] , [fi]
- French: [fr]
- Georgian: [ka]
- German: [de] , [de] , [de]
- Gothic: [got]
- Greek: [el]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Hindi: [hi]
- Hungarian: [hu] , [hu] , [hu]
- Indonesian: [id] , [id]
- Irish: [ga]
- Italian: [it] , [it] , [it] , [it]
- Japanese: [ja] , [ja]
- Khmer: [km]
- Korean: [ko]
- Latin: [la] , [la]
- Macedonian: [mk] , [mk] , [mk]
- Malay: [ms]
- Malayalam: [ml]
- Mongolian: [mn]
- Ottoman Turkish: [ota]
- Plautdietsch: [pdt]
- Polish: [pl] , [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt] , [pt] , [pt] , [pt]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru] , [ru] , [ru]
- Sanskrit: [sa]
- Scottish Gaelic: [gd]
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Slovak: [sk]
- Slovene: [sl]
- Spanish: [es] , [es] , [es] , [es] [colloquial] , [es] [Chile]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Thai: [th]
- Turkish: [tr]
- Ukrainian: [uk] , [uk] , [uk] , [uk]
- Urdu: [ur] , [ur]
- Vietnamese: [vi]
[trans-bottom]
[a try-out to pick team members]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Finnish: [fi]
[trans-bottom]
[meeting in a court of law]
- Albanian: [sq]
- Arabic: [ar]
- Armenian: [hy] , [hy]
- Aromanian: [rup] , [rup]
- Azerbaijani: [az] , [az]
- Belarusian: [be] , [be] , [be] , [be]
- Bulgarian: [bg] , [bg]
- Catalan: [ca] , [ca]
- Chinese:
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- Galician: [gl]
- Georgian: [ka] , [ka]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Gothic: [got]
- Greek: [el] , [el]
- Hawaiian: [haw]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Hindi: [hi]
- Hungarian: [hu]
- Indonesian: [id] , [id]
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja] , [ja]
- Khmer: [km] , [km]
- Korean: [ko] , [ko]
- Malay: [ms]
- Malayalam: [ml]
- Maori: [mi]
- Mongolian: [mn]
- Norwegian:
- Occitan: [oc] , [oc]
- Persian:
- Plautdietsch: [pdt]
- Polish: [pl] , [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt] , [pt]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru] , [ru]
- Spanish: [es] , [es]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Tagalog: [tl]
- Tajik: [tg]
- Thai: [th]
- Turkish: [tr] , [tr]
- Ukrainian: [uk] , [uk] , [uk]
- Vietnamese: [vi]
[trans-bottom]
[difficult experience]
- Armenian: [hy]
- Belarusian: [be]
- Bulgarian: [bg] , [bg] , [bg]
- Chinese:
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- French: [fr]
- German: [de] , [de] , [de] , [de] , [de] , [de]
- Greek: [el]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Hungarian: [hu] , [hu] , [hu] , [hu] , [hu]
- Indonesian: [id] , [id]
- Italian: [it] , [it]
- Japanese: [ja]
- Korean: [ko]
- Malayalam: [ml]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru]
- Spanish: [es] , [es] , [es]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Turkish: [tr]
- Ukrainian: [uk]
- Urdu: [ur]
[trans-bottom]
**** Adjective
[-]
1. Pertaining to a trial or test.
2. Attempted on a provisional or experimental basis.
***** Translations
[pertaining to a trial or test]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Greek: [el]
- Polish: [pl]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru]
- Swedish: [sv] , [sv]
[trans-bottom]
[attempted on a provisional or experimental basis]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Danish: [da]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi] , [fi]
- German: [de]
- Greek: [el] , [el]
- Polish: [pl]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru] , [ru]
- Swedish: [sv] , [sv]
[trans-bottom]
**** Verb
[++]
1. [en] To carry out a series of test s on (a new product, procedure etc.) before marketing or implementing it.
2. * [en]
3. [en] To try out (a new player) in a sports team.
***** Derived terms
{{col3|en|title=Terms derived from the noun, adjective, or verb _trial_ |bench
trial |civil trial |clinical trial |counter-trial |fair trial |field trial
|free trial |intertrial |intratrial |jury trial |make trial of |megatrial
|midtrial |minitrial |mistrial |nontrial |on trial |posttrial |pretrial |put
on trial |retrial |sea trial |show trial |stand trial |subtrial |time trial
|trialable |trial and error |trial by combat |trial by fire |trial by jury
|trial by media |trial by ordeal |trial balance |trial balloon |trial court
|trial de novo |trial division |trial impression |trialist |trialler
|trialless |trial of void |trial run |trial separation |trials and
tribulations |trialware |undertrial |untrialled }}
***** Translations
[to carry out a series of tests on a new product]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- German: [de]
- Malayalam: [ml]
- Maori: [mi] , [mi] [on new crops]
- Spanish: [es] , [es]
- Ukrainian: [uk] , [uk]
[trans-bottom]
[to select members of a team]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Maori: [mi]
[trans-bottom]
*** Etymology 2
[en] From [en] (stem of [la]) + [en], on the pattern of [en].
**** Adjective
[-]
1. Characterized by having three (usually equivalent) components.
2. Triple.
3. [en] Pertaining to a language form referring to three of something, like people. (See [Ambai language] for an example.)
***** Derived terms
- [en]
***** Translations
[Characterized by having three (usually equivalent) components]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Czech: [cs]
[trans-bottom]
[Triple]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Czech: [cs]
- Greek: [el]
- Italian: [it]
[trans-bottom]
[pertaining to a language form referring to three of something]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- French: [fr]
- German: [de]
- Japanese: [ja]
- Latin: [la]
- Navajo: [nv]
- Russian: [ru]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swedish: [sv] , [sv]
- Thai: [th]
[trans-bottom]
**** Noun
[en-noun]
1. [en] The trial number .
***** Translations
[the trial number]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
[trans-bottom]
*** See also
[list:grammatical numbers/en]
*** Anagrams
- [en]
[en]
** Dutch
[lang=nl]
*** Etymology
Borrowed from [nl].
*** Pronunciation
- [nl]
- [nl]
*** Noun
[m]
1. cross with small but sturdy and very versatile motorcycles , cars or bicycles
** Italian
*** Etymology
[it].
*** Noun
[m]
1. [it] trials (motorcycle etc.)
*** Anagrams
- [it]
** Old French
*** Etymology
[fro].
*** Noun
[m]
1. [en] (legal procedure)
**** Usage notes
- due to lack of attestation , the precise meaning is uncertain
**** Descendants
- [en]
*** References
- [R:Godefroy]
- [R:Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub]
[fro]