From en.wiktionary.org:
[Appendix:Variations of "sap"] [minitoc]
** English
[sap (disambiguation)]
*** Pronunciation
- [en]
- [en]
- [en]
*** Etymology 1
From [en], from [en], from [en] (compare [nl], [de], [is]), from [en],
[ine-pro] (compare [cy], [la], [ru], [xcl], [ae], [sa]). More at [en].
The longstanding practice of sapping trees influenced the sense evolution of
the military term as trench warfare receded from public conscience.
**** Noun
[wikipedia] [~]
1. [en] The juice of plant s of any kind, especially the ascending and descending juices or circulating fluid essential to nutrition .
2. [en] The sapwood , or alburnum , of a tree.
3. Any juice .
4. [en] Vitality .
5. [en] A naive person; a simpleton .
6. * [en]
***** Derived terms
{{col|en|cell sap |coconut sap |crude sap |elaborated sap |pine sap |sap ball
|sapful |sap green |saphead |sapless |sapling |sap moon |sap poison |sappy
|sap rot |sap shield |sap stain |sapsucker |sap tube |sapwood |milk-sap|tree
sap }}
***** Translations
[juice of plant]
- Amis: [ami]
- Arabic: [ar] , [ar]
- Armenian: [hy]
- Assamese: [as]
- Azerbaijani: [az]
- Bashkir: [ba] , [ba]
- Basque: [eu]
- Belarusian: [be]
- Bikol Central: [bcl]
- Bulgarian: [bg] , [bg]
- Burmese: [my]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Chamicuro: [ccc]
- Chinese:
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Estonian: [et]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- Galician: [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl]
- Georgian: [ka]
- German: [de]
- Hawaiian: [haw] , [haw] , [haw]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Hindi: [hi] , [hi] , [hi] , [hi]
- Ingrian: [izh]
- Interlingua: [ia]
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja] , [ja]
- Jarai: [jra]
- Kapampangan: [pam] , [pam]
- Khmer: [km] , [km] , [km]
- Konkani: [kok] , [kok]
- Korean: [ko] , [ko]
- Lao: [lo]
- Latin: [la]
- Macedonian: [mk]
- Malay: [ms]
- Maori: [mi] , [mi] , [mi] , [mi]
- Middle English: [enm]
- Mongolian: [mn]
- Mwani: [wmw] , [wmw] [Nkojo]
- Nepali: [ne]
- Norman: [nrf]
- Norwegian:
- Old Javanese: [kaw]
- Persian: [fa]
- Plautdietsch: [pdt]
- Polish: [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Rarotongan: [rar]
- Romanian: [ro]
- Russian: [ru]
- Sanskrit: [sa] , [sa]
- Scottish Gaelic: [gd]
- Slovak: [sk]
- Sorbian:
- Spanish: [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Tagalog: [tl]
- Tahitian: [ty]
- Tarifit: [rif]
- Telugu: [te]
- Thai: [th]
- Tibetan: [bo]
- Tok Pisin: [tpi]
- Tongan: [to]
- Turkish: [tr]
- Ukrainian: [uk]
- Vietnamese: [vi] , [vi]
- White Hmong: [mww]
- Zhuang: [za]
[trans-bottom]
[sapwood of a tree]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi]
- Galician: [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Italian: [it]
- Khmer: [km]
- Macedonian: [mk]
- Middle English: [enm]
- Persian: [fa]
- Russian: [ru]
- Scottish Gaelic: [gd] , [gd]
- Spanish: [es]
- Tok Pisin: [tpi]
[trans-bottom]
[slang: saphead]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl] , [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi] , [fi]
- French: [fr] , [fr]
- Galician: [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl]
- German: [de] , [de] , [de]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Hungarian: [hu]
- Italian: [it]
- Khmer: [km]
- Macedonian: [mk]
- Norwegian: [no]
- Persian: [fa]
- Plautdietsch: [pdt]
- Romanian: [ro]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru]
- Spanish: [es]
[trans-bottom]
[checktrans-top]
- Woiwurrung: [wyi]
[trans-bottom]
**** Verb
[en-verb]
1. [en] To drain , suck or absorb from (a tree, etc.).
2. [en] To exhaust the vitality of.
3. * [page=6]
4. * [en]
5. * {{ quote-web | en | date=8 June 2025 | work=BBC | url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/articles/c0eqjpzq972o | author=Jonathan Jurejko | title=Alcaraz stuns Sinner in extraordinary French Open final
|passage=Alcaraz flew out of the blocks in the first-to-10 match tie-break of
the deciding set, SAPPING every last bit of Sinner's energy before sealing
victory with a remarkable running forehand winner that fizzed down the line.}}
*** Etymology 2
Probably from [en].
**** Noun
[en-noun]
1. [en] A short wooden club ; a leather-covered hand weapon ; a blackjack .
2. * 1944 , William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett, Jules Furthman, _The Big Sleep_ (screenplay)
3. *: I risk my whole future, the hatred of the cops and Eddie Mars' gang. I dodge bullets and eat SAPS .
[en]
***** Translations
[leather-covered hand weapon]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl]
- French: [fr]
- Italian: [it]
[trans-bottom]
**** Verb
[en-verb]
1. [en] To strike with a sap (with a blackjack ).
2. * 1944 , William Faulkner, Leigh Brackett, Jules Furthman, _The Big Sleep_ (screenplay)
3. *: [ A ] s he passes the mouth of a narrow alley two men step out quickly. One of them SAPS Marlowe expertly — they drag him out of sight.
4. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1964 | author=Raymond Chandler | title=Killer in the Rain
|passage=And when he had me up there he would SAP me again and I wouldn't
remember anything that happened in between the two sappings.}}
***** Translations
[strike with a sap]
- Bulgarian: [bg] , [bg]
- Dutch: [nl]
[trans-bottom]
*** Etymology 3
From [en] (compare [es] and [it]) from [fr], from [en].
**** Noun
[en-noun]
1. [en] A narrow ditch or trench made from the foremost parallel toward the glacis or covert way of a besiege d place by digging under cover of gabion s, etc.
***** Derived terms
{{col|en |sap fagot |sap roller |sapper }}
***** Translations
[narrow ditch or trench]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Czech: [cs]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- German: [de]
- Icelandic: [is]
- Manx: [gv]
- Russian: [ru]
- Swedish: [sv] , [sv]
[trans-bottom]
**** Verb
[en-verb]
1. [en] To subvert by dig ging or wearing away ; to mine ; to undermine ; to destroy the foundation of.
2. * [passage=Nor safe their dwellings were, for SAPPED by floods, / Their houses fell upon their household gods.]
3. [en] To pierce with saps.
4. [en] To make unstable or infirm ; to unsettle ; to weaken .
5. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1850 | author=w:Alfred Tennyson | title= 吴语: Ring Out, Wild Bells
|passage=Ring out the grief that SAPS the mind[...]}}
1. [en] To gradually weaken .
2. [en] To proceed by mining, or by secretly undermining; to execute saps.
3. [en] To strike with a sap (a blackjack )
***** Translations
[undermine]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi] [object in genitive before alta]
- French: [fr] , [fr]
- Ido: [io]
- Italian: [it] , [it]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro]
- Spanish: [es] , [es]
[trans-bottom]
[pierce with saps]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Manx: [gv]
[trans-bottom]
[make unstable; weaken]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- Italian: [it] , [it] , [it]
[trans-bottom]
[gradually weaken]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Maori: [mi]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru]
[trans-bottom]
[proceed by mining]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl]
[trans-bottom]
*** Anagrams
- [en]
[en]
** Aromanian
*** Alternative forms
- [rup]
*** Etymology
From [rup], from [rup]. Compare [ro], [fr], [it], [scn], [es], [fur], [vec],
[la].
*** Verb
[pp=sãpatã]
1. to dig (with a pick)
**** Related terms
{{col|rup |sãpari,sãpare |sãpat |sapã |sãpãtor |sãpãturã }}
**** See also
- [rup]
- [rup]
** Azerbaijani
*** Etymology 1
From [az].
**** Noun
[az-noun]
1. thread
***** Declension
[a]
*** Etymology 2
[az]
**** Noun
[az-noun]
1. grip , hilt
***** Declension
[a]
*** Further reading
- [R:az:Obastan]
** Catalan
*** Pronunciation
- [ca-IPA]
- [ca]
*** Etymology 1
[nonlemma]
**** Alternative forms
- [ca]
*** Etymology 2
[ca].
**** Noun
[m]
1. common heather
*** Etymology 3
**** Verb
[ca]
1. [saber]
*** Further reading
- [R:ca:IEC2]
[ca]
** Dutch
*** Etymology
From [nl], from [nl], from [nl].[1]
*** Pronunciation
- [nl]
- [nl]
- [nl]
- [nl]
*** Noun
[n]
1. juice
2. [en] (fluid in plants)
**** Derived terms
{{col|nl |aalbessensap |ananassap |appelsap |appelsiensap |bessensap
|bietensap |bloedsinaasappelsap |boomsap |citroensap |cranberrysap |druivensap
|fruitsap |grapefruitsap |limoensap |maagsap |mandarijnsap |multivitaminesap
|pancreassap |perensap |sappig |sinaasappelsap |tomatoensap |uiensap
|vruchtensap |wortelsap |yumberrysap |zoetsappig |zwartebessensap }}
**** Descendants
- [af]
- [dcr]
- [sml=1]
*** References
References:
[1]. J. de Vries & F. de Tollenaere, "Etymologisch Woordenboek", Uitgeverij Het Spectrum, Utrecht, 1986 (14de druk)
*** Anagrams
- [nl]
[nl]
** Hokkien
[圾] [屑] [雪] [霎] [歃]
** Indonesian
[lang=id]
*** Pronunciation
[id-pr]
*** Etymology 1
[id]
**** Noun
[id-noun]
1. paper or scraps that can absorb ink
2. sheets of shredded tobacco stacked into a staple
*** Etymology 2
**** Noun
[id-noun]
1. [id]
*** Further reading
- [R:KBBI Daring]
** Kholosi
*** Etymology
From [inc-kho].
*** Noun
[inc-kho]
1. snake
*** References
- [R:inc-kho:Anonby]
[inc-kho]
** Middle English
*** Alternative forms
- [enm]
- [enm]
*** Etymology
From [enm], from [enm], from [enm].
*** Pronunciation
- [enm]
*** Noun
[-]
1. sap [plant juices]
2. sapwood [wood under bark]
3. [enm] earwax
**** Derived terms
{{col|enm |sappy |sapplyng }}
**** Descendants
- [en]
- [sco]
**** References
- [entry=sā̆p(e]
[enm]
** Old English
*** Etymology
From [ang], from [ang], from [ang], [ine-pro].
*** Pronunciation
- [sāp]
*** Noun
[f]
1. amber , resin
2. pomade
**** Declension
[sāp]
**** Related terms
- [ang]
- [ang]
**** Descendants
- [enm]
** Polish
*** Pronunciation
[a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-sap.wav]
*** Verb
[pl]
1. [pl]
** Romani
*** Etymology
[rom] [rom], from [rom]. Cognate with [pa].
*** Pronunciation
[rom]
*** Noun
[sap]
1. snake
*** References
- [sap]
- [author=Yaron Matras]
- [ja]
** Romanian
*** Pronunciation
- [ro]
*** Verb
[ro]
1. [ro]
** Tausug
*** Alternative forms
- [tsg]
*** Etymology
[tsg].
*** Pronunciation
[tsg-pr]
*** Noun
[j=+]
1. seal ; stamp
2. brand
**** Derived terms
[tsg]
** Turkish
*** Etymology 1
From [tr], from [tr]. Cognate with [otk].
**** Pronunciation
- [tr]
**** Adjective
[tr-adj]
1. [tr] not having a significant other
***** Declension
[a]
**** Noun
[sapı]
1. handle
2. stem , stalk
3. [tr] penis
4. [tr] male
***** Declension
[a]
*** Etymology 2
[nonlemma]
**** Verb
[tr]
1. [sapmak]
** Veps
*** Etymology
From [vep].
*** Noun
[vep]
1. bile , gall
**** Declension
[sapi]
** Volapük
*** Etymology
[vo].
*** Pronunciation
- [vo]
*** Noun
[vo]
1. wisdom
** Zhuang
*** Pronunciation
- [za-pron]
*** Etymology 1
From [za]. Cognate with [th], [lo], [shn], [pcc].
**** Noun
[noun]
1. cockroach
*** Etymology 2
[za]
**** Verb
[verb]
1. to wear shoes with the heel s stepping down on the back of the shoes