From en.wiktionary.org:
[OF]
** English
*** Etymology 1
[en] From [en], from [en], an unstressed form of [ang], from [en], from [en],
from [en]. [en], which is the stressed descendant of the same Old English
word. More at [en].
**** Alternative forms
- [en]
**** Pronunciation
stressed
[ŏv], [en]
- [en]
- [en]
[ŭv], [en]
- [en]
- [en]
[ŏf], [en]
- [en]
- [en]
unstressed
[əv], [en]
- [en]
- [en] [unstressed OF only, postconsonantal 'VE only]
- [en] [when [/v/] is 吴语: elision]
[əf], [en]
- [en] [when [/f/] is 吴语: elision]
<!-- unstressed syllables can't carry a rhyme -->
**** Preposition
[wikipedia] [en-prep]
1. [Expressing distance or motion.]
1. [en] From (a place); off . [from 9th c.]
2. * [15.10]
<!--Prior quote:##*:Joseph of Aramathy, that jantyll knyght the whych toke
downe Oure Lorde OF the Holy Crosse-->
1. * [partition=2]
2. [en] Since , from (a given time, earlier state etc.). [from 9th c.]
3. * [Mark]
4. * [act=IV]
5. * [date=29 July 2010]
6. From , away from (a position, number, distance etc.). [from 10th c.]
7. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=September 30 1932 | journal= 吴语: Time (magazine)
|passage=Though Washington does not officially recognize Moscow, the Hoover
Administration permits a Soviet Russian Information Bureau to flourish in a
modest red brick house on Massachusetts Avenue, within a mile OF the White
House.}}
1. * [date=7 November 2010]
1. [Expressing separation.]
1. [Indicating removal , absence or separation , with the action indicated by a transitive verb and the quality or substance by a grammatical object.] [from 10th c.]
2. * [15.18]
3. * [book=II]
4. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=February 20 1816 | author=Jane Austen | journal=Letter
|passage=I am almost entirely cured OF my rheumatism—just a little pain in my
knee now and then, to make me remember what it was, and keep on flannel.}}
1. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=3 September 1951 | journal= 吴语: Time (magazine)
|passage=In Houston, ten minutes after the Lindquist Finance Corp. was robbed
OF $447, Office Manager Howard Willson got a phone call from the thief who
complained: "You didn't have enough money over there."}}
1. [Indicating removal, absence or separation, with resulting state indicated by an adjective .] [from 10th c.]
2. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=August 28 1731 | author=Jonathan Swift | journal=Letter
|passage=But schemes are perfectly accidental: some will appear barren OF
hints and matter, but prove to be fruitful [...]}}
1. * [date=31 October 2010]
2. [en] [Indicating removal, absence or separation, construed with an intransitive verb .] [14th]
3. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1822 | author=Jacob Bailey Moore | title=New Hampshire | volume=1 | page=5
|passage=He was kindly treated by the people at Saco, and recovered OF his
wounds.}}
1. [Expressing origin.]
1. [Indicating an ancestral source or origin of descent .] [from 9th c.]
2. * [Acts]
3. * {{ quote-journal | en | year=1954 | journal=The Rotarian | section=volume 85:6
|passage=My father was born OF a family of weavers in Manchester, England.}}
1. * {{ quote-text | en | year=2010 | chapter=The Cost of Repair | title=The Economist
|passage=Nothing may come OF these ideas, yet their potential should not be
dismissed.}}
1. [Introducing an epithet that indicates a birthplace , residence , dominion , or other place associated with the individual.]
2. [Indicating a (non-physical) source of action or emotion; introducing a cause , instigation] ; from , out of, as an expression of. [from 9th c.]
3. * [12.19]
4. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1803 | author=John Smalley | title=Sermons
|passage=Undoubtedly it is to be understood, that inflicting deserved
punishment on all evil doers, OF right, belongs to God.}}
1. * [date=3 December 2008]
2. [en] [Indicates the source or cause of the verb.] [from 10th c.]
3. * {{ quote-text | en | year=2006 | author=Joyce Carol Oates | title=The Female of the Species
|passage=He smelled OF beer and cigarette smoke and his own body.}}
1. * [date=5 October 2010]
2. [en] [Indicates the subject or cause of the adjective.] [from 13th c.]
3. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=September 23 2010 | author=Bagehot | journal=The Economist
|passage=Lib Dems were appalled by Mr Boles’s offer, however kindly meant: the
party is so frightened OF losing its independence under Mr Clegg that such a
pact would “kill” him, says a senior member.}}
1. * {{ quote-text | en | year=2015 | author=Vincent J. M. DiMaio | title=Gunshot Wounds
|passage=Thus, one finds individuals dead OF a gunshot wound with potentially
lethal levels of drugs.}}
1. [Expressing agency.]
1. [en] [Indicates the agent (for most verbs, now usually expressed with [en] ).] [from 9th c.]
2. * [Acts]
3. * [book=II]
4. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1995 | publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | url=http://lds.org/ldsorg/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=e1fa5f74db46c010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD&locale=0&sourceId=1aba862384d20110VgnVCM100000176f620a____&hideNav=1etcontentLocale=0 | title=The Family: A Proclamation to the World
|passage=The family is ordained OF God.}}
1. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=March 27 2008 | title=Selling rhythm to the world | journal=The Economist
|passage=Colombia and Venezuela share an elegantly restrained style, with much
back-stepping, smaller hand-movements and little use of the elaborate,
arm-tangling moves beloved OF Cuban dancers.}}
1. [Used to introduce the " [subjective genitive] "; following a noun to form the head of a postmodifying noun phrase] _(see also 'Possession' senses below)_ . [from 13th c.]
2. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1994 | author=Paul Coates | title=Film at the Intersection of High and Mass Culture | page=136
|passage=In _Blood and Sand_, meanwhile, Valentino repeatedly solicits the
attention OF women who have turned away from him.}}
1. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=December 28 2009 | title=Head to head | journal=The Economist
|passage=Somehow Croatia has escaped the opprobrium OF the likes of the German
Christian Democrats and others that are against any rapid enlargement of the
European Union to the include rest of the western Balkans.}}
1. [en] [Used to indicate the agent of something described by the adjective.] [from 16th c.]
2. * [passage=When this was over, Mr. Woodhouse gratefully observed,—"It is very kind OF you, Mr. Knightley, to come out at this late hour to call upon us."]
3. * [date=10 January 2007]
1. [Expressing composition, substance.]
1. [en] [Used to indicate the material or substance used.] [from 9th c.]
2. * [chapter=XIX]
3. [en] [Used to indicate the material of the just-mentioned object.] [from 10th c.]
4. * [date=23 January 2010]
5. * [en]
6. [Indicating the composition of a given collective or quantitative noun.] [from 12th c.]
7. * [passage=His papers at this period contain a mass OF very unedifying and uninteresting documents [...] .]
8. * [chapter=XXXII]
9. * [date=31 October 2010]
10. [Used to link a given class of things with a specific example of that class.] [from 12th c.]
11. * [passage=This having the rainy month OF March and April to water it, sprung up very pleasantly, and yielded a very good crop [...] .]
12. * [date=30 October 2010]
13. [Links two nouns in near- apposition , with the first qualifying the second] ; "which is also". [from 14th c.]
14. * [en]
15. * [date=22 August 2010]
2. [Introducing subject matter.]
1. [Links an intransitive verb , or a transitive verb and its subject (especially verbs to do with thinking, feeling, expressing etc.), with its subject-matter] ; concerning , with regard to. [from 10th c.]
2. * [passage= [ H ] e spoke OF his uncle with warm regard, was fond of talking OF him [...]]
3. * [volume=I]
4. * [date=19 October 2010]
5. [en] [Introduces its subject matter] ; about , concerning . [from 12th c.]
6. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=October 21 2010 | journal=The Economist
|passage=Recession and rising unemployment have put paid to most thoughts OF
further EU enlargement.}}
1. [en] [Introduces its subject matter.] [from 15th c.]
2. * [passage=The same secludedness and isolation to which the schoolmaster whale betakes himself in his advancing years, is true OF all aged Sperm Whales.]
1. [Having [partitive] effect.]
1. [en] [Introduces the whole for which is indicated only the specified part or segment] ; "from among ". [from 9th c.]
2. * [12.58]
3. * [volume=VI]
4. * [date=10 November 2010]
5. [en] [Indicates a given part.] [from 9th c.]
6. * [en]
7. * [en]
8. [en] Some , an amount of, one of. [from 9th c.]
9. * [Matthew]
10. * [poem=Ode to a Nightingale]
11. * [volume=I]
12. [Links to a genitive noun or possessive pronoun, with partitive effect (though now often merged with possessive senses, below; see also double possessive ).] [from 13th c.]
13. * [en]
14. * [date=27 August 2010]
2. [en] [Expressing possession.]
1. Belonging to, existing in, or taking place in a given location , place or time . '' Compare "origin" senses, above. [from 9th c.]
2. * [en]
3. * [en]
4. * [date=20 August 2003]
5. Belonging to (a place) through having title , ownership or control over it. [from 9th c.]
6. * [date=28 October 1977]
7. * [en]
8. Belonging to (someone or something) as something they possess or have as a characteristic; [the "possessive genitive". (With abstract nouns, this intersects with the subjective genitive, above under "agency" senses.)] [from 13th c.]
9. * [en]
10. * [date=29 October 2010]
3. [Forming the "objective genitive".]
1. [Follows an agent noun , verbal noun or noun of action.] [from 12th c.]
2. * [Matthew]
3. * [en]
4. [Expressing qualities or characteristics.]
1. [en] [Links an adjective with a noun or noun phrase to form a quasi-adverbial qualifier] ; in respect to , as regards . [from 13th c.]
2. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1879 | author=Thomas Raynesford Lounsbury | title=History of the English Language | page=112
|passage=This fact becomes very noticeable when a cultivated tongue ceases to
be used any longer by the educated, and is heard only from the mouths of the
illiterate. The variations which spring up under such circumstances are easy
OF observation, because we have an ideal standard preserved by which to
compare the present with the past.}}
1. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1917 | author=Zane Gray | title=Wildfire | page=35
|passage=He was huge, raw-boned, knotty, long OF body and long OF leg, with
the head of a war charger.}}
1. * [date=11 August 2004]
2. [Indicates a quality or characteristic] ; "characterized by". [from 13th c.]
3. * [en]
4. * [en]
5. [Indicates quantity , age , price , etc.] [from 13th c.]
6. * [en]
7. * {{ quote-book | en | year=1996 | year_published=2006 | author=Raymond A. Serway; John W. Jewett | title=Principles of Physics | page=428
|passage=A police car, traveling southbound at a speed OF 40.0 m/s, approaches
with its siren producing sound at a frequency OF 2 500 Hz.}}
1. [en] [Used to link singular indefinite nouns (preceded by the indefinite article) and attributive adjectives modified by certain common adverbs of degree.]
2. * [en]
3. * [en]
4. * [en]
1. [Expressing a point in time.]
1. [en] During the course of (a set period of time, day of the week etc.), now specifically with implied repetition or regularity. [from 9th c.]
2. * [volume=XV]
3. * [passage=If there was a type Ida despised, Sir Claude communicated to Maisie, it was the man who pottered about town OF a Sunday [...]]
4. [en] For (a given length of time). [from 13th c.]
5. [en] [Indicates duration of a state, activity etc.] [from 18th c.]
6. * [en]
7. [en] Before (the hour); to (the hour). [from 19th c.]
8. * [date=17 June 1940]
9. * [en]
1. [en] Often used without the hour
2. *: [en]
***** Usage notes
- [belonging to or associated with] When applied to a person or persons, the possessive is generally used instead.
- [containing, comprising [,] or made from] _OF_ may be used directly with a verb or adjectival phrase.
- When modifying a noun, modern English increasingly uses noun adjunct s rather than _OF_ . Examples include _part of speech_ (16th century) vs. _word class_ (20th century), _[Federal Bureau of Investigation]_ (1908) vs. _[Central Intelligence Agency]_ (1947), and _affairs of the world_ (18th century) vs. _world affairs_ (20th century).
- The use of [en] to link nouns to attributive adjectives modified by certain adverbs is always optional; omitting [en] in such instances is always permissible and does not alter the meaning of the expression. Adverbs that may be used with this construction include [en] , [en] , [en] , [en] , [en] , [en] , [en] , and [en] .
***** Derived terms
- [en]
***** Related terms
{{col4|en |bill of goods |by dint of |by way of |come of |in excess of |in
respect of |in terms of |of a kind |of a piece |of a sudden |of age |of all
|of all people |of an |of biblical proportions |of blessed memory |of choice
|of color |of colour |of course |of even date |of importance |of late |of
means |of note |of one's own accord |of record |of sorts |of that ilk |of the
essence |of the first water |of the like |of two minds |out of |point of view
|quarter of |sort of |time of day |thereof |tired of |way of life |of the
world }}
***** Translations
[containing, comprising or made from]
- Arabic: [ar]
- Armenian: [ablative case]
- Belizean Creole: [bzj]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Cherokee: [chr]
- Chinese:
- Cornish:
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl] ,
- Esperanto: [eo] , [eo] , [eo] ( _a glass of water_ = _glaso da akvo_ )
- Estonian: _elative case_
- Faroese: [fo]
- Finnish: _partitive or elative case_
- French: [fr]
- Friulian: [fur]
- German: [de]
- Greek: [el]
- Hungarian: [hu]
- Ido: [io] , [io]
- Igbo: [ig]
- Indonesian: [id]
- Interlingua: [ia] ( _a glass of water_ = _un vitro de aqua_ )
- Irish: [ga]
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja] , [ja]
- Kapampangan: [pam] , [pam]
- Kazakh: [ablative case]
- Khmer: [km]
- Ladin: [lld]
- Ladino: [lad]
- Latin: [la] , [la]
- Maltese: [mt]
- Mirandese: [mwl]
- Norwegian:
- Occitan: [oc]
- Pashto: [ps]
- Polish: [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro]
- Russian: [ru] [+ genitive case]
- Scots: [sco]
- Slovak: [sk]
- Slovene: [sl]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Tamil: N/A. _Alternatives:_ [ta] [full of] , [ta] [containing] , [ta] [made from]
- Tatar: [ablative case]
- Tok Pisin: [tpi]
- Ukrainian: [uk]
- Venetan: [vec]
- Veps: [vep]
- Vietnamese: [vi]
- Volapük: [vo]
- Võro: [vro]
- Votic: _partitive or elative case_
- Yiddish: [yi]
- Zazaki: [zza] , [zza]
- Zulu: _use possessive concord_
[trans-bottom]
[possessive genitive: belonging to]
- Afrikaans: [af]
- Albanian: [sq]
- Arabic: _genitive construction ( [ar] ) is used – i.e. the thing owned is followed by the owner in the genitive case_ , [ar] , [ar]
- Aramaic: [arc]
- Armenian: [dative case]
- Assamese: [as]
- Basque: [eu]
- Bislama: [bi]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Burmese: [my]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Cebuano: [ceb]
- Chinese:
- Cornish:
- Czech: [cs] , [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl] ( _the car of Peter_ = _de auto van Peter_ )
- Egyptian: [nj]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Estonian: _genitive case_
- Faroese: [fo]
- Finnish: _genitive case_
- French: [fr]
- Galician: [gl]
- German: _genitive case_ , [de]
- Greek: _genitive case_
- Hebrew: [he]
- Higaonon: [mba]
- Hindi: [hi] _(see inflection)_ , [hi]
- Hungarian:
- -ja / -je (attached to property instead of owner, e.g. _Péter autója_ )
- -nak / -nek ( dative ) (used together with -ja / -je , e.g. _Péternek az autója_ )
- Icelandic: [is]
- Ido: [io]
- Igbo: [ig]
- Indonesian: _possessor is simply placed after the possession: rumah Andi, Andi’s house_
- Interlingua: [ia]
- Irish: _genitive case_
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja]
- Kapampangan: [pam] , [pam] , [pam] , [pam] , [pam] , [pam]
- Khmer: [km] , [km]
- Kongo: [kg]
- Korean: [ko]
- Ladin: [lld]
- Ladino: [lad]
- Lao: [lo]
- Latin: _genitive case_ , [early medieval] [la]
- Lingala: [ln]
- Lithuanian: _genitive case_
- Lü: [khb]
- Macedonian: [mk]
- Maltese: [mt] , [mt] , [mt] , [mt] , [mt] , [mt] , [mt] , [mt] , [mt] , [mt] , [mt]
- Manchu: [mnc]
- Maori: [mi] , [mi]
- Mirandese: [mwl]
- Mongolian: [mn]
- Mpade: [mpi] _(m.)_ , [mpi] _(f.)_ , [mpi] _(pl.)_
- Neapolitan: [nap]
- Northern Thai: [nod]
- Norwegian:
- Occitan: [oc]
- Pashto: [ps]
- Persian: _吴语: ezafeh ( [fa] ) is used, a Persian grammatical construct_
- Polish: [genitive case]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Rapa Nui: [rap] , [rap]
- Romanian: [ro]
- Romansch: [rm] , [rm] [before vowel]
- Russian: [genitive case] , _possessive adjectives_ ; [ru] , [ru] , [ru] , [ru] , [ru]
- Scots: [sco]
- Scottish Gaelic: [gd]
- Serbo-Croatian: [sh]
- Shan: [shn]
- Slovak: [genitive case] , _possessive adjectives_ ; [sk] , [sk]
- Slovene: [sl]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv] _(genitive case)_ , [sv]
- Sylheti: [syl]
- Tagalog: [tl] , [tl]
- Tamil: [ta] , [ta]
- Thai: [th]
- Tibetan: [bo]
- Tok Pisin: [tpi]
- Turkish: [tr] , [tr] , [tr] , [tr]
- Urdu: [ur] _(see inflection)_ , _izāfa ( [ur] )_
- Venetan: [vec]
- Veps: [vep]
- Vietnamese: [vi]
- Volapük: [vo]
- Võro: [vro]
- Votic: _genitive case_
- West Frisian: [fy]
- Yiddish: [yi]
- Zazaki: [zza]
- Zhuang: [za]
- Zulu: _use possessive concord_
[trans-bottom]
[introducing topic or subject matter]
- Albanian: [sq]
- Armenian: [hy]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl] ( _Ik denk aan jou_ = _I am thinking of you_ ), [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Estonian: [et]
- Faroese: [fo]
- Finnish: _elative case_
- French: [fr] , [fr]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Greek: _verb + usually accusative case_
- Hungarian: [hu]
- Icelandic: [is]
- Ido: [io]
- Igbo: [ig]
- Indonesian: [id]
- Irish: _varies depending on construction_
- Italian: [it]
- Kazakh: [kk] , [kk]
- Ladin: [lld]
- Ladino: [lad]
- Latin: [la]
- Latvian: [lv]
- Lithuanian: [lt]
- Maltese: [mt]
- Norwegian:
- Polish: [pl] , [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt] , [pt] , [pt] , [pt]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru] , [ru] , [ru]
- Slovak: [sk]
- Slovene: [sl]
- Spanish: [es] , [es] , [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv] , [sv]
- Tamil: _varies._ [ta] ["regarding"]
- Tatar: [tt] , [tt] [tt]
- Ukrainian: [uk]
- Venetan: [vec]
- Veps: [vep]
- Vietnamese: [vi]
- Volapük: [vo]
- Võro: [vro]
- Votic: [vot]
[trans-bottom]
[connecting numeral or quantifier with quantified]
- Albanian: [sq]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Cornish:
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo] , [eo]
- Estonian: [et]
- Faroese: [fo]
- Finnish: _genitive or partitive case_
- French: [fr]
- German: [de]
- Greek: _genitive case_
- Hebrew: [he] _(cannot be used for 'a height of...')_
- Hungarian: [hu]
- Igbo: [ig]
- Indonesian: [id]
- Interlingua: [ia]
- Irish: [ga]
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja]
- Korean: [ko]
- Ladin: [lld]
- Ladino: [lad]
- Latin: [la] , [la]
- Maltese: [mt]
- Norwegian:
- Pashto: [ps]
- Polish: [pl]
- Portuguese: de _(not used with quantifiers like todo , nem todo , para todo )_
- Russian: [ru] [+ genitive case]
- Scots: [sco]
- Slovak: [sk]
- Slovene: [sl]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv] _(genitive case)_ , [sv] _(extremely rare)_
- Tamil: [ta]
- Tok Pisin: [tpi]
- Ukrainian: [uk]
- Veps: [vep]
- Volapük: [vo]
- Võro: [vro]
- Votic: _partitive case_
[trans-bottom]
[subjective genitive: connecting action noun with subject]
- Arabic: _genitive construction is used - the verbal noun is followed by the subject in the genitive case_
- Chinese:
- Finnish: _genitive case_
- French: [fr]
- Spanish: [es]
- Tamil: [ta]
[trans-bottom]
[objective genitive: connecting action noun with object]
- Afrikaans: [af]
- Albanian: [sq]
- Arabic: _genitive construction used - a verbal noun is modified by the object in the genitive_
- Catalan: [ca]
- Cimbrian: [cim]
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Egyptian: [n]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Estonian: [et]
- Faroese: [fo]
- Finnish: _genitive case_
- French: [fr]
- German: [de]
- Greek: _genitive case_
- Hebrew: [he]
- Hungarian: [hu]
- Ido: [io]
- Igbo: [ig]
- Indonesian: [id]
- Interlingua: [ia] , [ia]
- Italian: [it] , [it] , [it]
- Japanese: [ja]
- Kapampangan: [pam] , [pam]
- Korean: [ko]
- Ladin: [lld]
- Ladino: [lad]
- Latin: _a verbal noun is modified by the object in the genitive case_
- Maltese: [mt]
- Norwegian:
- Polish: [genitive case]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Russian: [ru]
- Slovak: [sk]
- Slovene: [sl]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv] _(genitive case)_ , [sv] _(extremely rare)_ , [sv]
- Tamil: _varies._ [ta]
- Tok Pisin: [tpi]
- Veps: [vep]
- Volapük: [vo]
- Võro: [vro]
- Votic: _genitive case_
[trans-bottom]
[introducing an epithet]
- Afrikaans: [af]
- Aklanon: [akl]
- Albanian: [sq]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Cebuano: [ceb]
- Central Franconian: [gmw-cfr]
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Finnish: [fi] [applied to place name, in all cases but dominion; for dominions, place dominion before name in genitive case]
- French: [fr]
- Galician: [gl]
- German: [de]
- Hiligaynon: [hil]
- Ido: [io]
- Ilocano: [ilo]
- Indonesian: [id]
- Irish: [ga]
- Italian: [it]
- Javanese: [jv]
- Kapampangan: [pam]
- Kashubian: [csb]
- Latin: _an adjectival form of the epithet is often used, typically derived with [la] or [la] , alternatively the epithet is in the genitive case_
- Luxembourgish: [lb]
- Malay: [ms]
- Norwegian: [no]
- Occitan: [oc]
- Polish: [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro]
- Sardinian: [sc]
- Slovak: [sk]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Tagalog: [tl]
- Tamil: [ta] , [ta]
- Thai: [th]
- Venetan: [vec]
- Vietnamese: [vi] [before a country] , [vi] [before a city] , [vi] [before a region or other place] , [vi] [rare]
- Walloon: [wa]
- Waray-Waray: [war]
- Welsh: [cy]
- West Frisian: [fy]
[trans-bottom]
[linking class with example of class]
- Albanian: [sq]
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: Noun compound through infixes: [nl] [nl] [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo] or with a construction using the adjectival suffix [eo]
- Estonian: _genitive case_
- Faroese: [fo]
- Finnish: _genitive case_
- French: [fr]
- Greek: _genitive case_
- Hungarian: [hu]
- Ido: [io]
- Igbo: [ig]
- Indonesian: [id]
- Interlingua: [ia]
- Irish: _not expressed_
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja]
- Kazakh: genitive case or nominative + -(с)ы/(с)і izafet [kk]
- Khmer: [km]
- Korean: [ko]
- Ladin: [lld]
- Ladino: [lad]
- Latin: _in classical Latin, apposition with the same case is used; in medieval Latin, the example of a class can be used in the genitive modifying the class_
- Latvian: [lv]
- Lithuanian: [lt]
- Maltese: [mt]
- Norwegian:
- Pashto: [ps]
- Polish: [nominative case]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Russian: [nominative case]
- Slovak: [sk]
- Slovene: [sl]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Tamil: [ta]
- Tatar: genitive case or nominative + -(с)ы/(с)і izafet [tt]
- Tok Pisin: [tpi]
- Veps: [vep]
- Volapük: [vo]
- Võro: [vro]
- Votic: _genitive case_
[trans-bottom]
[indicative of age]
- Chinese:
- Dutch: [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Estonian: [et] , [et] , [et] , [et]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi] , [fi] , [fi]
- French: [fr]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Interlingua: [ia]
- Japanese: 歳 の (sai no)
- Latin: [la]
- Pashto: [ps]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Spanish: [es]
- Tamil: N/A
- Venetan: [vec]
- Vietnamese: [vi]
[trans-bottom]
[(_to tell the time_ ) before, to, e.g. a quarter of three (2:45)]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Estonian: [et] , [et]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- German: [de]
- Greek: [el]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Interlingua: [ia]
- Japanese: [ja]
- Kapampangan: [pam]
- Kazakh: [kk] [kk]
- Khmer: [km]
- Korean: [ko]
- Mirandese: [mwl]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Tamil: [ta]
- Tatar: [tt] [tt]
- Ukrainian: [uk]
[trans-bottom]
[checktrans-top]
- Afrikaans: [af]
- Albanian: [sq]
- Belarusian: [be]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Indonesian: [id]
- Kuna: [cuk]
- Lao: [lo]
- Norman: [nrf]
- Romanian: [ro] _m sg_ , a _f sg_ , ale [f] [p] , ai [m] [p] (1), de (2)
- West Frisian: [fy]
[trans-bottom]
**** See also
- [en]
**** References
- [R:OneLook]
*** Etymology 2
A spelling of [/əv/] influenced by Etymology 1.
**** Verb
[en]
1. [en] [en] .
2. * 1846 , Linus Wilson Miller, _Notes of an Exile to Van Dieman's Land_ (see https://books.google.com/books?id=J4FKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA367) (McKinstry: Fredonia, NY) p. 367
3. *: I have refrained from giving many details which I might OF done, from feelings of delicacy; indeed, they were of so dark and dreadful a nature, that I could do no more than hint at them
4. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1926 | author=w:F. Scott Fitzgerald | title=The Great Gatsby | page=33 | publisher=Penguin | year_published=2000
|passage="I had a woman up here last week to look at my feet, and when she
have been the bill you'd OF thought she had my appendicitus out."}}
1. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1943 | author=w:Raymond Chandler | title=The High Window | page=87 | publisher=Penguin | year_published=2005
|passage=‘You must OF left your door unlocked. Or even open.’}}
1. * [page=340]
***** Usage notes
- Not uncommonly seen in colloquial writing, outside the context of intentional eye dialect spelling. This usage is considered erroneous and often vigorously proscribed.
*** Etymology 3
**** Symbol
[en]
1. [en] [en] .
*** Further reading
- [source=Academic]
*** Anagrams
- [en]
[en]
** Afrikaans
*** Etymology
From [af], from [af], [dum].
*** Pronunciation
- [af]
- [af]
*** Conjunction
[af]
1. or
2. whether ; if
** Dutch
*** Etymology
From [nl], [dum]. In Middle Dutch the two words merged; the form _of_ derives
from [nl], from [nl].
*** Pronunciation
- [nl]
- [nl]
- [nl]
- [nl]
*** Conjunction
[nl]
1. [nl] or
2. [nl] whether , if
3. [nl] either ... or
4. [nl] whether ... or
**** Derived terms
- [nl]
**** Descendants
- [af]
- [gmw-jdt]
- [dcr]
- [abs]
- [djk]
- [xmm]
- [bor=1]
** German Low German
*** Etymology 1
From [nds-de], from [nds-de], from [nds-de], from [nds-de]. More at [en].
**** Preposition
[nds-de]
1. from
**** Adverb
[nds-de]
1. away ; from
2. off
**** Adjective
[nds-de]
1. off [not "on"]
*** Etymology 2
From [nds-de].
**** Conjunction
[nds-de]
1. [nds-de]
** Icelandic
*** Etymology
From [is], from [is]. The original full form is seen in the prefixed form
[is]. Related to [is] and [is].
*** Pronunciation
- [is]
- [is]
*** Adverb
[is-adv]
1. too (to an excessive degree)
*** Preposition
[is]
1. about
2. over , above
** Japanese
*** Etymology
From [ja], as in [en].
*** Pronunciation
[オブ]
*** Particle
[particle]
1. [ja] [Used to express that one is an exemplar.]
**** See also
- [ザ]
** Luxembourgish
*** Alternative forms
- [lb]
*** Etymology
From [lb], [gmh], from [lb], northern variant of [gmh], from [lb], from [lb].
Cognate with [de], [nl], [en] and [en]. The expected Luxembourgish forms are
[lb] (< [gmh]) and [lb] (< [gmh]). The form [lb] was probably formed as a
compromise between both variants. Otherwise it would imply an irregularly
lengthened [gmh].
*** Pronunciation
- [lb]
*** Adverb
[lb]
1. [lb] off , down
**** Derived terms
- [lb]
** Middle Dutch
*** Etymology 1
From [dum].
**** Conjunction
[dum]
1. if , whether
***** Usage notes
Sometimes confused with [dum].
***** Descendants
- [nl]
- [li]
*** Etymology 2
**** Adverb
[dum-adv]
1. [dum]
*** Further reading
- [33240]
** Middle English
*** Etymology 1
[enm] From [enm], from [enm], from [enm].
**** Preposition
[enm]
1. of
2. * {{ quote-book | enm | year=c. 1400 | title=w:The Canterbury Tales | author=w:Geoffrey Chaucer | section=General Prologue | lines=1–3
|text=Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote<br>The droghte OF March hath
perced to the roote |t=When in April the sweet showers fall<br>That pierce the
drought OF March to the root and all }}
***** Alternative forms
- [enm]
- [enm]
***** Synonyms
- [enm]
***** Descendants
- [en]
- [sco]
- [yol]
**** References
- [of]
*** Etymology 2
From [enm].
**** Adverb
[enm]
1. off
***** Alternative forms
- [enm]
***** Descendants
- [en]
- [sco]
**** References
- [of]
*** Etymology 3
An alteration of [enm], from [enm].
**** Conjunction
[enm]
1. until
***** Alternative forms
- [enm]
**** References
- [of]
*** Etymology 4
Apheresis of [enm], a variation of [enm], from [enm].
**** Conjunction
[enm]
1. although , though
**** References
- [of]
** Old Dutch
*** Etymology
From [odt].
*** Conjunction
[odt]
1. if , whether
**** Descendants
- [dum]
- [nl]
- [li]
**** Further reading
- [3072]
** Old English
*** Alternative forms
- [ang]
*** Etymology
[ang] Unstressed form of [ang].
*** Pronunciation
- [ov]
- [of]
*** Preposition
[ang-prep] [ang]
1. from
2. * '' Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church (see https://books.google.com/books?id=m2hVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA594v=onepage&q&f=false)
3. *: [ang]
4. out of
5. * _The Life of Saint Margaret (see https://books.google.com/books?id=i_FBtx0ZPPMC&pg=PA12) _
6. *: [ang]
7. * LATE 10TH CENTURY , 吴语: Ælfric of Eynsham , _On the Seasons of the Year (see https://books.google.co.id/books?id=iqCU4ZV4pjoC&pg=PA17) _
8. *: [ang]
9. off
10. * LATE 10TH CENTURY , 吴语: Ælfric of Eynsham , _Esther (see https://books.google.com/books?id=hWA5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA96) _
11. *: [ang]
12. by (indicating the creator of a work)
13. of (Denoting material made of)
14. * C. 992 , 吴语: Ælfric of Eynsham , "The Nativity of St. John the Baptist" (see https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Homilies_of_the_Anglo-Saxon_Church/XXV)
15. *: [ang]
**** Usage notes
- Although the Modern English word [en] descends from Old English _of_ , the two words do not correlate perfectly in meaning.
- This is especially true of the typical possessive meaning of the word in Modern English. Instead of using _of_ to denote possession, the Anglo-Saxons mostly used the genitive case :
- _<u>Dēaðes</u> god man sċeal ofslēan and mann undēadlīcne dōn._ ("The god <u> of death </u> must be killed and man made immortal.")
- _Iċ hine huntiġe oþ <u>eorðan</u> endas._ ("I'll hunt him to the ends <u> of the Earth </u> .")
- Even the occasional instances where Old English _of_ is translated best as "of" are a survival of the word's original sense "from" or "out of":
- _Sē weall is ġeworht <u>of</u> tiġelan and eorþteorwe._ ("The wall is made <u> of </u> brick and asphalt.")
- _Þā hālġan ġewritu seċġaþ, þæt sē Hǣlend <u>of</u> fǣmnan ġeboren wæs._ ("The holy scriptures say that Jesus was born <u> of </u> a virgin.")
- Note also that _of_ never means "about." Phrases like "to think of" and "to speak of" are rendered with [ang] or [ang] .
- For doing something "out of" an emotion, [ang] is typically used instead of _of_ :
- _Þætte <u>for</u> lufum ġedōn biþ, þæt ġewierþ simle beġeondan gōde and yfele._ ("What is done <u> out of </u> love always takes place beyond good and evil.")
- For dying "of" a cause, various other prepositions or the bare dative/instrumental case are used; see [ang] .
**** Descendants
- [enm]
- [sco]
- [en]
** Old Norse
*** Etymology 1
[non]
**** Preposition
[non]
1. about [non]
2. [non] over , above [non]
**** Further reading
- [R:non:Zoega]
*** Etymology 2
Unclear, but totally overtook the function of [non], inherited from [gem-pro].
[non]
**** Particle
[non]
1. [non] [indicates association or togetherness] ; co-
2. [non] [indicates completeness or wholeness. In verbs, also indicates perfectivity (a finished action)]
3. * [850] , [Þjóðólfr of Hvinir] , _[Ynglingatal]_ , [ https://skaldic.org/m.php?p=verse&i=4367 verse 1 ]] :
4. *: [non]
** Old Saxon
*** Etymology
Unstressed form of [osx].
*** Preposition
[osx-prep]
1. above
2. away from
** Romanian
*** Pronunciation
- [ro]
*** Interjection
[ro]
1. ugh , tsk , sigh
** Turkish
*** Interjection
[tr]
1. oof [often expressing that some task requires great effort]
2. ouch [used both for literally and emotionally painful situations]
3. ugh [expressing disgust or strong dismay]
** Volapük
*** Pronoun
[vo]
1. she [third-person feminine]
**** Declension
[vo-decl-pronoun]
** Welsh
*** Noun
[cy]
1. [cy]
*** Mutation
[gof]
** West Frisian
*** Etymology
From [fy], from [fy].
*** Pronunciation
- [fy]
*** Conjunction
[fy]
1. or
**** Further reading
- [70407]
** Yola
*** Preposition
[yol]
1. [yol]
2. * [yol]
3. * [yol]
*** References
- [page=96]