From en.wiktionary.org:
[Appendix:Variations of "jo"] [minitoc]
** English
[wikipedia]
*** Pronunciation
- [en]
- [en]
- [en]
*** Etymology 1
From [en], from [en], from [en], from [en], neuter plural (mistaken as
feminine singular) of [en], from [la]. [en].
**** Noun
[en-noun]
1. [en] Darling , sweetheart .
2. * 1711 , traditional, published by James Watson, _Old Long Syne_ (see http://digital.nls.uk/broadsides/broadside.cfm/id/14548) :
3. *: On Old long syne my JO , <br/> on Old long syne, <br/> That thou canst never once reflect, <br/> on Old long syne.
4. * _My Jo Janet_ (traditional Scottish song)
5. *: Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet; <br> There ye'll see your bonnie sel', <br> My JO , Janet.
***** Alternative forms
- [en]
*** Etymology 2
[en].
**** Noun
[jo]
1. The staff used in the Japanese martial art of jodo or jojutsu .
*** See also
- jo-jeezly
*** Anagrams
- [en]
[en]
** Albanian
*** Etymology
Likely a babble word, compare [tr], and its derivates in other Balkanic
languages such as [ro], [mk]. Comparison with [de][1] is semantically hard to
explain.
*** Pronunciation
- [sq]
- [sq]
*** Determiner
[sq]
1. [negates non-verbal phrases] : no , not
**** Synonyms
- [sq] (Tetova)
- [sq] (Gostivar)
**** See also
- [sq]
- [sq]
- [sq]
*** References
References:
[1]. [jo]
[2]. [jo]
[3]. [ju]
** Basque
*** Etymology
[eu].
*** Pronunciation
- [eu]
[eu-pr]
*** Verb
[du]
1. to hit , strike , punch
2. [eu] to play
3. to knock , rap
4. to crash
5. to head , go
6. to blow [the wind]
*** Further reading
- [R:EH]
- [R:OEH]
** Bavarian
*** Etymology
Cognate with [is], [sv]. Equivalent to standard High German [de].
*** Pronunciation
- [bar]
*** Particle
[bar]
1. yes (in response to a negative question).
** Catalan
*** Etymology
[ca]~[roa-oca]~[roa-oca], from [ca] (attested from the sixth century), from
[ca], from [ca], from [ca]; akin to [el], [sa], all from [ca]. Compare [oc],
[es], [fr], [it].
*** Pronunciation
- [ca]
- [ca]
- [ca]
- [ca]
- [ca]
*** Pronoun
[type=strong]
1. I
2. [ca] me
**** Declension
[ca-decl-ppron]
**** Synonyms
- [ca] ( _after most prepositions_ )
*** Noun
[m]
1. ego [the self]
**** Usage notes
- ÉsAdir accepts both [ ʒɔ ] and [ jɔ ] in Central Catalan and both [ d͡ʒo ] and [ jo ] in Northwestern Catalan. The same applies to ja .
- DNV accepts both [ jo ] and [ jɔ ] in Valencian.
- The formal pronunciation [ ʒɔ ] predominates in Girona, Mallorca, and Menorca. It can alternate with [ jɔ ] in relaxed or syntactic pronunciation due to vowel contact.
- The pronunciation [ jɔ ] predominates in Central Catalan below Girona, as in Barcelona, and also in Northern Valencian and Ibiza. It can alternate with [ ʒɔ ] in emphatic pronunciation or in formal registers.
- The pronunciation [ jo ] predominates in southern Valencian and in La Franja in Aragon.
*** References
- [R:ca:IEC2]
- [R:ca:GDLC]
- [R:ca:DNV]
- [R:ca:DCVB]
- ÉsAdir - Fonètica: les paraules "jo" i "ja" (see https://esadir.cat/gramatica/criteris/joja)
** Czech
*** Etymology
Compare [pl].
*** Pronunciation
- [cs-IPA]
- [cs]
*** Particle
[cs]
1. [cs] yeah , yep
*** Further reading
- [R:cs:PSJC]
- [R:cs:SSJC]
** Dalmatian
*** Alternative forms
- [dlm]
*** Etymology
From [dlm]. Compare [ro], [it], [fr], [osp].
*** Pronunciation
- [dlm]
*** Adverb
[dlm]
1. where
** Danish
*** Etymology 1
Borrowed from [da]. Used like [sv], [de] (adverb) / [de] (conjunction).
**** Pronunciation
- [da] (unstressed in context)
**** Adverb
[da-adv]
1. as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable as after all or obviously
2. * {{ quote-book | da | year=2015 | author=Henriette E. Møller | title=Jelne | publisher=Gyldendal A/S | isbn=9788702102864
|passage=Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne
JO ikke rigtigt snakke med hende. |t=I do not know of what they spoke, her
mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, AS YOU SHOULD BE ABLE
TO SEE.}}
1. * {{ quote-book | da | year=2009 | author=Sven Arvid Birkeland | title=I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig | publisher=Gyldendal A/S | isbn=9788702078770 | page=479
|passage=Han gik JO ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr
|t= AFTER ALL, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.}}
1. * {{ quote-book | da | year=2016 | author=Anita Krumbach; Dorte Lilmose; Hanne Kvist; Helle Perrier; Iben Mondrup; Louis Jensen; Ronnie Andersen; Sissel Bergfjord; Svend Åge Madsen; Tomas Lagermand Lundme | title=Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge | publisher=Gyldendal A/S | isbn=9788702173956
|passage=Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man JO ikke være 100
procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel? |t=I mean, one OBVIOUSLY cannot even be
100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?}}
**** Conjunction
[da]
1. the
***** Usage notes
[da] and [da] are common constructions.
*** Etymology 2
From [da], cf. [sv].
**** Pronunciation
- [da]
**** Interjection
[da-adv]
1. yes [used to contradict a negative statement or negatively phrased question] ( _often followed by_ I DO , HE IS , _etc. in English to indicate contradiction rather than affirmation_ ); identical in usage to the French _si_ . Contrasts with [da] which confirms positive statements or positively phrased questions.
***** Usage notes
Negatively phrased questions like _Kommer du ikke?_, _Du kommer ikke, vel?_,
_Du kommer ikke?_ ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You
are not coming?") must be answered with _jo_ to indicate that the speaker is,
in fact, coming; they cannot be answered with _ja_ ("yes").
*** References
- [R:DDO]
** Dutch
*** Etymology
From [nl].
*** Interjection
[nl]
1. hi
2. bye
3. you too
[nl]
** Esperanto
*** Pronunciation
- [eo]
[eo-IPA]
*** Noun
[eo-head]
1. [eo]
**** See also
[list:Latin script letter names/eo]
** Finnish
*** Etymology
From [fi] (compare [et], [izh], [krl], [liv], [vep], [vot]), borrowed from
[fi] (compare [got], [goh]),[2][3] or alternatively from [fi] (compare [lv],
[lt]).
*** Pronunciation
[a=LL-Q1412 (fin)-Seqv-jo.wav]
*** Adverb
[fi-adv]
1. already [prior to some time; so soon]
2. now , already [emphasizer]
**** Derived terms
{{col|fi |johan |joko<id:already> |jopa }}
*** References
References:
[1]. [jo]
[2]. [jo]
[3]. [ju]
*** Further reading
- [accessdate=2023-07-02]
[fi]
** Friulian
*** Etymology
[fur] [fur], from [fur].
*** Pronunciation
- [fur]
*** Pronoun
[fur]
1. I
**** See also
[fur-personal pronouns]
** German
*** Alternative forms
- [de]
*** Etymology 1
Alteration of [de] or the respective dialectal cognates. Compare [en], [sv].
**** Pronunciation
- [de]
**** Interjection
[de]
1. [de] yes , yeah , well ; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.
*** Etymology 2
From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and
Central Germany and all of Western Germany (compare [nds]). Possibly from
[de], possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed
in the Middle Ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound
shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. [sv], [enm] (> [en]).
**** Pronunciation
- [de]
**** Interjection
[de]
1. [de] yes ; expresses firm agreement.
***** Derived terms
- [de]
** Ingrian
*** Etymology
[izh] From [izh]. Cognates include [fi] and [et].
*** Pronunciation
- [izh-p]
*** Adverb
[izh]
1. already
2. * [Kiko ja Miko JO uijuut.]
3. [Emphasises the sentence.]
4. * [ JO nyt mahan lukkia.]
*** References
- [page=105]
** Italian
*** Pronoun
[it]
1. [it] [it]
** Japanese
*** Romanization
[ja-romaji]
1. [ja]
2. [ja]
** Karelian
[jo]
*** Etymology
From [krl]. Cognates include [fi] and [vep].
*** Pronunciation
- [krl]
- [krl]
*** Adverb
[krl]
1. already
*** Interjection
[krl]
1. [krl] yes
**** Synonyms
- [yes] [North Karelian] [krl] , [South Karelian] [krl]
*** References
- [+]
- [jo]
- [R:krl:Zaykov:2015]
** Kashubian
*** Etymology
[csb]. Compare [zlw-slv], [szl], regional [pl].
*** Pronunciation
[csb-pr]
*** Particle
[csb]
1. yes
*** Further reading
- [jo]
- [tak]
** Konabéré
*** Pronunciation
- [bbo]
- [bbo]
*** Noun
[bbo]
1. water
**** Alternative forms
- zo
*** Further reading
- Beatrice Tiendrébéogo, _Rapport Sociolinguistique sur la Langue Bobo Madaré (see http://www.sil.org/silesr/2007/silesr2007-005.pdf) _ (SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2007-005: 55), page 44
- Chiara Alfieri, Bernard Taverne, _Ethnophysiologie, règles et précautions chez les Bobo Madare et les Mossi_
** Latvian
*** Pronunciation
[lv]
*** Conjunction
[lv]
1. because
2. for
*** Particle
[lv]
1. the ... the ...
** Lithuanian
*** Pronunciation
- [lt]
*** Etymology 1
**** Determiner
[lt]
1. his [3rd person singular masculine possessive]
**** Pronoun
[lt]
1. [lt]
2. [lt]
*** Etymology 2
From [lt], possibly via [lt]. Compare [lv].
**** Particle
[lt]
1. [lt] yeah
***** Usage notes
- Formerly considered obsolete, but seems to have been revived, possibly by influence of [en] .
- Usage discouraged by the [VLKK] .
*** References
- [R:LKZ]
** Livonian
*** Alternative forms
- [liv]
*** Pronunciation
[liv-p]
*** Etymology 1
Perhaps borrowed from [liv], [/juo/].
**** Preposition
[liv]
1. more ; [used with adjectives to form comparatives]
2. * [R:liv:LEL]
3. *: pitkā, JO pitkā
4. *:: long, long ER
*** Etymology 2
Perhaps borrowed from [liv]. However, compare also [fi], thus ultimately a
common Finnic borrowing from [liv] that has likely been contaminated by the
more figurative senses of Latvian [lv], with the latter ultimately a distant
cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.
**** Preposition
[liv]
1. yet , already , after all
2. * [R:liv:LEL]
3. *: mōnigļikizt, ne JO lǟbõd mōzõ
4. *:: bumblebees, they are ALREADY migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")
5. *: amād JO ītist äb peļļõt
6. *:: not everyone makes the same [ amount of money ] (lit. "everyone AFTER ALL doesn't earn the same")
*** Usage notes
- [sl=1] only lists _jo_ without listing any instances of [liv] . Livonian-Latvian-Livonian (see http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/handle/10062/17266) dictionary, in turn, only lists _juo_ for the comparative forming preposition sense.
- LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian _jau_ (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian _jau_ (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists [liv] , cf. Estonian [et] .
*** References
- [R:liv:LEL]
** Lower Sorbian
*** Pronunciation
- [dsb]
*** Particle
[dsb]
1. yes [word used to show agreement or acceptance]
*** Verb
[dsb]
1. [dsb]
*** Pronoun
[dsb]
1. [dsb]
**** Alternative forms
- [dsb] [after preposition]
*** Further reading
- [R:dsb:Muka]
- [R:dsb:Starosta]
** Luxembourgish
*** Pronunciation
- [lb]
- [lb]
- [lb]
- [lb]
*** Adverb
[lb]
1. yes
**** See also
- [lb]
*** Verb
[lb]
1. [lb]
** Murui Huitoto
*** Etymology
Cognates include [hto] and [hux].
*** Pronunciation
- [huu-IPA]
- [huu]
*** Root
[huu]
1. house
**** Derived terms
{{col4|huu |jofo}}
*** References
- [page=127]
** North Frisian
*** Etymology
Compare [fy].
*** Pronoun
[frr] [frr]
1. [third-person plural personal pronoun]
1. [en] [subject case]
2. [en] , [en] [object case]
**** Alternative forms
- [frr]
- [frr]
- [frr] , [frr]
*** See also
[frr-Foehr-personal-pronouns]
** Northern Sami
*** Etymology
[se]
*** Pronunciation
- [se-IPA]
*** Adverb
[se-adv]
1. already
2. now
**** Further reading
- [R:Álgu]
** Norwegian Bokmål
*** Pronunciation
- [nb]
*** Etymology 1
From [nb].
**** Adverb
[nb]
1. yes ; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
2. yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)
***** Usage notes
[no] can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. [no] is
used instead of [no] if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1,
agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a
confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such [no] would be
ambiguous. The answer [no] removes the possibility of agreement with the
speaker.
***** Related terms
- [nb]
- [no]
*** Etymology 2
[lang=no] From [nb].
**** Noun
[nb-noun-m1]
1. a skua , seabird of family [Stercorariidae] . [nb]
***** Derived terms
- [nb]
*** References
- [lang=nb]
- [jo_1]
- [jo_2]
** Norwegian Nynorsk
*** Etymology 1
From [nn], from [nn].
**** Noun
[nn-noun-m1]
1. a horse [only used in given names]
***** Related terms
Male given names: {{col3|nn |Jo |Joalv |Joar |Jobjørn |Jofast |Jofrød |Jofrøy
|Jogeir |Jogrim |Johamar |Jokjell |Jole |Jolv,Julv |Jomar |Jorek |Jostein }}
Female given names: {{col3|nn |Jodis |Jofrid,Jorid |Jogjerd |Joreid |Jo }}
*** Etymology 2
[lang=nn] From [nn].
**** Alternative forms
- [nn]
**** Noun
[nn-noun-m1]
1. a skua , seabird of family [Stercorariidae] . [nn]
***** Derived terms
- [nn]
*** Etymology 3
From [nn], from [nn].
**** Adverb
[nn]
1. [nn]
*** Etymology 4
Compare [sv].
**** Adverb
[nn]
1. [Used to indicate an expectation of common understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – “as you well know,” “of course.”]
*** References
- [lang=nn]
** Occitan
*** Pronunciation
- [oc]
*** Etymology 1
[oc], from [oc].
**** Pronoun
[oc] [oc]
1. I
*** Etymology 2
[oc].
**** Noun
[oc]
1. yoke
** Old French
*** Pronoun
[fro]
1. [fro] [fro]
2. * [fro]
[fro]
** Old Frisian
*** Pronoun
[ofs]
1. [ofs] , [ofs]
**** Inflection
[ofs-decl-ppron]
** Plautdietsch
*** Adverb
[pdt]
1. yes
** Polabian
*** Alternative forms
- [pox]
*** Etymology
[pox].
*** Pronoun
[pox]
1. [first-person pronoun] ; I
*** References
- [jo]
- [jo]
- [Je]
** Polish
*** Pronunciation
[CD=#]
*** Etymology 1
[pl] [pl].
**** Pronoun
[pl]
1. [pl] [pl]
*** Etymology 2
[pl].
**** Particle
[pl]
1. [pl] yeah , yep
***** Alternative forms
- [pl]
*** Further reading
- [R:pl:PWN]
- [303]
** Saterland Frisian
*** Etymology
From [stq]. Cognates include [fy] and [frr].
*** Pronunciation
- [stq]
- [stq]
- [stq]
*** Pronoun
[stq]
1. they
**** See also
[stq-personal pronouns]
*** References
- [R:stq:SW]
** Slovincian
*** Pronunciation
[zlw-slv-pr]
*** Etymology 1
[zlw-slv][zlw-slv] [zlw-slv].
**** Pronoun
[zlw-slv]
1. I [first-person pronoun]
*** Etymology 2
[zlw-slv][zlw-slv] [zlw-slv]. Compare [csb], [szl], regional [pl].
**** Particle
[zlw-slv]
1. yes
*** References
- [jǻu̯]
- [jǻu̯!]
** Spanish
*** Pronunciation
[es-pr]
*** Etymology 1
**** Interjection
[es]
1. stop , whoa ( _especially when command ing a horse or imitative thereof_ )
***** Derived terms
[es]
*** Etymology 2
Euphemistic [es].
**** Interjection
[es]
1. [es] Used to express surprise , amazement , or confusion
**** Further reading
- [R:es:DRAE]
[es]
** Swahili
*** Etymology
Possibly from [sw].
*** Pronunciation
- [sw]
*** Interjection
[sw]
1. [sw] [added for emphasis to the end of a sentence]
** Swedish
*** Etymology
From [sv], from [sv].
*** Pronunciation
- [sv]
*** Interjection
[sv]
1. yes ; used as a disagreement to a negative statement or a negatively phrased question [(has no English equivalent, but equivalent with [fr] and [de] )]
2. yes (more generally, in a similar vein to [sv] – see its usage notes)
1. yeah
3. [sv] [Expresses having an insight; oh]
4. [A filler, at the start of an utterance (to get someone's attention); listen , so , hey , etc. (compare "yeah")]
**** Usage notes
[sv] can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. [sv] is
used instead of [sv] if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example
above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a
confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such [sv] would be
ambiguous. The answer [sv] removes the possibility of agreement with the
speaker. In Swedish dialects spoken in northern Sweden and Finland, it is,
however, not uncommon for the word [sv] to be used in place of [sv] in all
cases, at least in spoken language.
**** Related terms
- [sv]
- [sv]
- [sv]
- [sv]
*** References
- [so]
- [saol]
- [saob]
*** Anagrams
- [sv]
** Veps
*** Etymology
From [vep].
*** Adverb
[vep]
1. already
*** References
- [уж]
** Votic
*** Etymology
From [vot].
*** Pronunciation
[vot-p]
*** Adverb
[vot]
1. already
2. [vot] any more
*** Particle
[vot]
1. [An emphatic intensifying particle.]
*** References
- [jo]
** West Frisian
*** Pronunciation
- [fy]
- [fy]
*** Etymology 1
From [fy], from [fy], from [fy], dative/accusative of [gem-pro], from [fy].
**** Pronoun
[fy]
1. you [second person singular nominative formal pronoun]
***** Usage notes
Though it is a singular pronoun, [fy] takes the plural conjugation of verbs.
***** Inflection
[West Frisian personal pronouns]
**** Further reading
- [46089]
*** Etymology 2
[fy]
**** Determiner
[fy]
1. your [second-person singular formal possessive determiner]
***** Further reading
- [46089]
** Ye'kwana
*** Pronunciation
- [mch-IPA]
*** Postposition
[mch]
1. [mch] [indicates a point of origin]
**** Usage notes
This postposition also infrequently occurs without [mch], in which case it is
not clear whether it inflects at all and its meaning is difficult to
determine.
*** References
- [277–278]
** Yoruba
*** Etymology 1
Proposed to be derived from [yo], compare with [igl]
**** Pronunciation
- [jó]
**** Verb
[jó]
1. [yo] to dance
***** Derived terms
{{col2|yo| |ijó<t:dance> |jójó<t:to dance [a dance]> |àlùjó }}
*** Etymology 2
Possibly from [yo], cognate with [igl]
**** Pronunciation
- [jó]
**** Verb
[jó]
1. [yo] to burn
2. [yo] to sting ; to irritate
*** Etymology 3
**** Pronunciation
- [jò]
**** Verb
[jò]
1. to drip
***** Derived terms
{{col2|yo |òjò<t:rain> |jíjò<t:leaking> |ìjòdànù<t:leakage> }}