From en.wiktionary.org:
[Appendix:Variations of "ir"] [minitoc]
** Alemannic German
*** Etymology
From [gsw], from [gsw], a variant of [gem-pro].
*** Pronunciation
- [gsw]
*** Pronoun
[gsw]
1. you [plural]
**** Declension
[gsw-decl-personal pronouns]
** Aragonese
*** Etymology
[an].
*** Verb
[an]
1. go
** Chuukese
*** Pronoun
[chk]
1. them
**** Related terms
[chk-personal pronouns]
** Danish
[lang=da]
*** Etymology
Either the old word for "copper" or some derivation from it: [da], [da], from
[da].
*** Pronunciation
- [da]
*** Noun
[stem=irr]
1. verdigris
** Elfdalian
*** Verb
[ovd]
1. [ovd]
** Galician
*** Etymology
[gl] From [gl], from [gl]. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from
corresponding forms of [gl]; those beginning with /f/ derive from
corresponding forms of [gl].
*** Verb
[reinteg=1]
1. to go [to move to a destination] [gl]
2. [gl] will ; to be going to ; [forms the future tense] [gl]
3. [gl] to go ; to leave ; to depart
4. to work , function , run
**** Conjugation
[gl-conj] [gl-reinteg-conj]
**** Derived terms
- [gl]
**** See also
- [gl]
*** References
- [R:gl:DDGM]
- [R:gl:DDLG]
- [R:gl:TILG]
- [R:TLPGP]
** Interlingua
*** Etymology
From [ia], active present infinitive of [la]; which its conjugation also
influenced by [fr] (present indicatives [fr], [fr], [fr], and [fr] all from
[ia]).
*** Verb
[irreg]
1. to go
**** Conjugation
[ir]
**** Antonyms
- [ia]
** Kaera
*** Etymology
From Proto-Alor–Pantar *_jira_.
*** Noun
[jka]
1. water
*** References
- Gary Holton and Laura Robinson, _The Internal History of the Alor-Pantar language family_ , in _The Alor-Pantar languages: History and Typology_ , edited by Marian Klamer
- Marian Klamer, _One item, many faces: ‘come’ in Teiwa_ (2010, in wing & Klamer) and _Kaera_ (2014, in Schapper)
- Gary Holton, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, Antoinette Schapper, _The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar (see https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10024416) _ , _Oceanic Linguistics_ 2012:1
** Ladino
*** Alternative forms
- [lad]
*** Etymology
[lad] [lad], from [lad]. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from
corresponding forms of [lad]; those beginning with /f/ derive from
corresponding forms of [lad].[1]
*** Verb
[heb=איר][2]
1. [lad] to go [away from speaker and listener]
2. [lad] to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well [of clothing]
3. * [lad]
4. [lad] [lad] [denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time] ; to [en] ; [en] ; [en]
5. * [lad]
6. [lad] to be going to ; [used to convey the near future tense] [lad]
7. * [lad]
8. [lad] [used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action] ; let's
9. * [lad]
**** Conjugation
[[PAGENAME]]
*** References
References:
[1]. [R:es:DCECH]
[2]. [R:lad:Folkmasa]
[3]. [R:lv:LEV]
[4]. [R:es:DCECH]
[5]. [title=Spanish from Argentina: That Voseo Thing]
** Latgalian
*** Etymology
Shortened form of [ltg], from [ltg]. Akin to [lv].
*** Pronunciation
- [ltg]
- [ltg]
*** Verb
[ltg]
1. [ltg]
**** Usage notes
- _IR_ is mostly used in unstressed positions, while [ltg] is mostly common for stressed positions in the sentence.
*** References
- [page=48]
** Latin
*** Alternative forms
- [la]
*** Etymology
Cognate with [grc].
*** Pronunciation
- [la-IPA]
*** Noun
[ir <indecl>]
1. [la] hand
**** Declension
[ir <indecl>]
**** Synonyms
- [hand] [la]
*** References
- [R:L&S]
- [R:Gaffiot]
** Latvian
*** Etymology 1
From [lv] [ine-bsl-pro] (cf. dialectal, archaic forms [lv], [lv], [lv], and
also [lt], which existed alongside [ine-pro] (cf. [cu], [ru], [lt] dialectal
[lt], [prg]), initially with basically existential (“there is”) meaning, but
later on extending to all copular meanings, thus replacing [ine-pro]. In
[xsv], also the first person form [xsv] is derived from this stem. The origin
of [bat-pro] is, however, unclear. Various sources have been proposed: an
older interjection (cf. [lt]), the particle and conjunction [lv], a noun with
the meaning “existence,” “reality,” “thing,” or even (more recently) the
[ine-pro] secondary third-person verbal ending [ine-pro] with a later
_-ā_-extension.[3]
**** Pronunciation
- [ir]
**** Verb
[lv]
1. (he , she , it ) is ; [lv]
2. (they ) are ; [lv]
3. [with the particle [lv]] let ( him , her , it ) be ; [lv]
4. [with the particle [lv]] let them be ; [lv]
*** Etymology 2
From [lv] [ine-bsl-pro], from the 吴语: Indo-European ablaut [ine-pro] of [lv]
(whence also [lv]; see there for more). The original meaning “and” (compare
[lt] cognate) is found in 16th- and 17th-century texts, but from the 18th
century on [lv] was no longer used in this sense. Cognates include [lt],
[prg], [prg], [grc].<ref name="LEV"/>
**** Conjunction
[lv]
1. [lv] [additive conjunction use d to join several similar sentence element s, indicating their similar nature] : both ... and ..., ... and also ..., ... as well as ...
***** Synonyms
- [lv] ... [lv] ...
- [lv] ... [lv] ...
**** Particle
[lv]
1. [use d to mark connection and emphasis , reinforcement ; syn. [lv]]
2. [use d to mark emphasis , to reinforce ; syn. [lv]] : really , even
***** Synonyms
- [lv]
- [lv]
*** References
References:
[1]. [R:es:DCECH]
[2]. [R:lad:Folkmasa]
[3]. [R:lv:LEV]
[4]. [R:es:DCECH]
[5]. [title=Spanish from Argentina: That Voseo Thing]
** Lithuanian
*** Etymology
[lt] From [lt], compare [lv], [prg], from [lt]; compare [grc]. If the
original meaning was "fittingly, accordingly", the root may be identical to
[ine-pro], see [lt] for more.
[sla-pro] is probably not related.
*** Conjunction
[lt]
1. [lt] and , too
2. [lt] and , so
3. [lt] both … and …
*** Particle
[lt]
1. [lt] even , and
2. [lt] exactly , just , precisely
3. [lt] and , so
**** Related terms
- [lt]
- [lt]
- [lt]
** Middle Dutch
*** Etymology
From [dum], from [dum]. Compare [de].
*** Pronoun
[dum]
1. ye , you [plural] ( _only in Southeastern texts_ )
*** Further reading
ir - instituut voor de Nederlandse taal (see
https://gtb.ivdnt.org/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=VMNW&id=ID40332&lemmodern=ir&Betekenis_id=A40332)
** Middle English
*** Etymology 1
**** Determiner
[enm]
1. [enm]
**** Pronoun
[enm]
1. [enm]
*** Etymology 2
**** Pronoun
[enm]
1. [enm]
** Middle High German
*** Etymology
From [gmh], from [gmh], variant of [gmh], from [gmh].
*** Pronunciation
- [ir]
*** Pronoun
[gmh]
1. ye , you : [gmh]
**** Descendants
- [gsw]
- [bar]
- [cim]
- [mhn]
- [gmw-cfr] [_d-_ from verb ending by rebracketing]
- [hrx]
- [lb]
- [de]
- [gmw-rfr]
- [pdc]
- [yi]
** Mòcheno
*** Etymology
From [mhn], from [mhn], from [mhn], from [mhn]. Cognate with [de], [en].
*** Pronoun
[mhn]
1. you [plural]
**** Inflection
[mhn-decl-personal pronouns]
*** References
- [R:CLM]
** Old High German
*** Alternative forms
- [goh]
*** Etymology
From [goh], variant of [goh], from [goh].
*** Pronoun
[goh]
1. you [second-person plural pronoun]
2. [goh] you [second-person singular pronoun]
3. * late 9TH CENTURY , Otfrid of Weissenburg, _Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance_ v. 5-7:
4. *: [goh]
**** Usage notes
Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite"
singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms),
as in Modern German _Sie_ versus _du_. This distinction is however not
well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in late
Old High German.
**** Inflection
[Old High German personal pronouns]
**** Descendants
- [gmh]
- [gsw]
- [bar]
- [cim]
- [mhn]
- [gmw-cfr] [_d-_ from verb ending by rebracketing]
- [hrx]
- [lb]
- [de]
- [gmw-rfr]
- [pdc]
- [yi]
**** References
- Armitage, Lionel. (1911) An Introduction to the study of Old High German, p 200.
** Old Swedish
*** Alternative forms
- [gmq-osw]
*** Etymology
From [gmq-osw] (compare West Norse [non]), from [gmq-osw], variant of
[gem-pro].
*** Pronoun
[gmq-osw]
1. you [plural]
**** Declension
[gmq-osw-decl-ppron]
**** Descendants
- [sv] [← hafve N I]
** Old Welsh
*** Etymology
Ultimately from [owl].
*** Pronunciation
- [owl]
*** Article
[owl]
1. (_definite article_ ) the
2. * 9TH C. , _Oxoniensis Prior_ (Bodleian Library, Oxford), v. 234:
3. *: {{ quote | owl | _ir pimphet eterin_
|translation=the fifth bird}}
**** Descendants
- [wlm] , [wlm] , [cy]
- [cy]
** Portuguese
*** Alternative forms
- [pt]
- [pt]
*** Etymology
[pt] [pt]. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms of
[pt]; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms of [pt].
*** Pronunciation
[pt-IPA]
- [pt]
- [pt]
- [pt]
*** Verb
[pt-verb]
1. [pt] to go [to move to a destination] [pt]
2. [pt] [pt] will ; to be going to ; [forms the future tense] [pt]
3. [pt] [pt] to keep on ; to go on ; ~ on ; [forms the continuative aspect] [pt]
4. [pt] [pt] to go ; to leave ; to depart
5. [pt] to attend ; to go to [to be present in an event] [pt]
6. [pt] [pt] to go on until; to last to [pt]
7. [pt] to do ; to fare [to have a good or bad result] [pt]
8. [pt] [pt] to be doing ; [formula used in greetings] [pt]
9. [pt] [pt] to be gone , be on the blink , on the fritz [depleted, destroyed; no longer usable]
10. [pt] [pt] to leave [to die] ; to depart [to die]
11. [pt] [pt] to go [to begin an action or process]
12. [pt] [pt] to match ; to go with [to form a good combination with] [pt]
13. [pt] [pt] to like or tolerate [pt]
14. [pt] [pt] to follow [to take into account when making choices] [pt]
15. [pt] to range [to encompass values between two given extremes] [pt]
16. [pt] [pt] to call [to match the amount of chips in the pot]
17. * [p=29]
18. [pt] to depart ; to leave
19. [pt] to pass away ; to depart ; to die
**** Usage notes
The use of auxiliary _ir_ with lexical _ir_ (e.g. _Eu vou ir para casa_ “I'm
going to go home”) is sometimes proscribed. A single _ir_ (_Eu vou para
casa_, even though this also means the present “I'm going home”) or the future
tense form (_Eu irei para casa_, which is rather formal) can be used instead.
**** Conjugation
[pt-conj]
**** Quotations
[pt]
**** Synonyms
- [go] [pt]
- [leave] [pt]
**** Derived terms
[pt]
** Romansch
*** Alternative forms
- [rm]
*** Etymology
[rm] [rm]. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding
conjugations of [la], and those beginning with /m/ presumably from [la].
*** Verb
[rm-verb]
1. [rm] go
**** Conjugation
[ir] [ir]
** Scots
*** Verb
[sco]
1. [sco] Second-person simple present form of to be
2. [sco] Plural simple present form of to be
**** See also
- [sco]
- [sco]
** Spanish
*** Etymology
[es]
- Forms beginning with [/b/] such as [es] are [es] . [4]
- Forms beginning with [/f/] such as [es] are [es] . <ref name="DCECH"/>
- The future voseo form, [es] , is a result of [suppletion] with [es] .
- Other forms are [es] . <ref name="DCECH"/>
*** Pronunciation
[es-pr]
*** Verb
[es-verb]
1. [es] to go (away from speaker and listener)
2. [es] to be suitable or apt for its purpose, to match or suit well [of clothing]
3. [es] to head towards or lead to a place away from the speaker
4. [es] to extend in time or space, from one point to another
5. [es] to play
6. [es] to approach or consider (something) from a specific angle , or to direct attention towards a particular goal
7. [es] [es] [denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time] ; to go on , to carry on
8. [es] [an action or process is beginning to occur or unfold] ; to grow ( _dark_ ), get ( _cloudy_ )
9. [es] [used ironically with certain adjectives or passive participles]
10. [es] [es] [used with the past participle of reflexive verbs to indicate being in a state caused by the verb]
11. [es] to be going to ; [used to convey the near future tense] [es]
12. [es] to be staked or bet in a dispute or competition [only used in the third-person plural present indicative form VAN to entice someone to engage in a bet]
13. [es] [used with a hortative value to encourage or urge action] ; let's
14. [es] to habitually happen on a specific day or occasion; to habitually go
15. [es] [used to describe the manner in which someone behaves or acts under specific conditions] [es]
16. [es] [indicates an inclination towards a particular profession or career path, especially one that is perceived in other people based on their current skills or personality]
17. [es] [indicates the pursuit of a particular career or vocation] [es]
18. [es] to go fetch [es]
19. [es] [indicates adherence to a specific linguistic pattern or rules, like conjugation]
20. [es] to come [towards or with the listener]
21. [es] to go away , to leave , to depart , to go [when the destination is not essential; when something or someone is going somewhere else]
22. [es] to leak out (with liquids and gasses), to boil away , to go flat (gas in drinks)
23. [es] to overflow
24. [es] to go out (lights)
25. [es] to finish , to wear out , to disappear (e.g. money, paint, pains, mechanical parts)
26. [es] to die
27. [es] to break wind , to fart
28. [es] to wet / soil oneself (i.e., urinate or defecate in one's pants)
29. [es] to come , to cum , to ejaculate , to orgasm
**** Usage notes
- IR is similar to [es] in many senses.
- _Estar + gerund_ expresses the fact that the action of the verb is happening on the immediate present, with no inherent sense of past or future movement through time or space. It's the standard and more common expression.
- "_Ella está cantando_ " ( _She is singing_ ) could imply:
- Current Action (She is singing right now)
- Continuous State (She is currently engaged in an event where she regularly sings, but might not be doing so at the moment)
- (now [es] or [es] ): Habitual action " _she sings in the morning every day_ "
- _IR + gerund_ expresses a kind of iterative or durative aspect. It emphasizes that the action involves movement or change over time, particularly along a longer process or journey, one that will usually be continued into the future. It is less common in casual speech and is mostly found in formal or literary works.
- "_Ella VA cantando_ " ( _She goes on singing_ ) could imply:
- She is moving and singing, either simultaneously or independently (She could move, stop to sing, and then continue moving). Either moving and singing with no defined direction through different locations ( _She goes around singing wherever she is_ ) or along a specified path.
- The continuous and habitual nature and development of the action over the past, present and often future ( _She sings little by little and improves over time_ ) Emphasizes progression and the gradual unfolding of a habitual action.
- The basic meaning " go " applies to any kind of animate or inanimate motion: walk , ride , sail , fly , etc.
**** Conjugation
The verb _ir_ has one of the most irregular conjugations of all Spanish verbs,
with many of its irregularities being unique, or nearly unique, to this verb.
In particular:
- It is one of only three verbs (alongside [es] and [es] , and their derivatives) to have irregular forms in the imperfect indicative tense.
- In the preterite indicative and the imperfect and future subjunctive, the conjugation of _ir_ is identical to that of [es] ("to be"). Thus, for example, _yo fui_ can mean either "I went" or "I was", depending on context.
- In contemporary Spanish, the first-person plural affirmative imperative form of _ir_ is usually _vamos_ ; the alternative form _vayamos_ , while not proscribed by the [Real Academia Española] , is used almost exclusively in literary language and otherwise considered archaic. However, _vayamos_ remains in use for the (first-person plural) present subjunctive and negative imperative forms (the use of _vamos_ in these cases is nonstandard). This makes _ir_ the only Spanish verb for which the two first-person plural imperative forms (i.e., the affirmative and the negative) are not identical.
- The verb does not have a standardised _voseo_ form in the second-person singular imperative – instead, the imperative of [es] (which has the form [es] ) is usually used in its place by _voseo_ speakers. [5] The form [es] is sometimes used as well, though this is considered nonstandard.
- It is also the only verb in Spanish in which the verb-final _-d_ is not fully elided when the affirmative imperative _vosotros_ form is combined with the pronominal suffix [es] . The correct form for _id+os_ is either [es] or [es] ; the more predictable form [es] (analogous to such forms in other [es] verbs) had been in use in the past, but is viewed as nonstandard today.
[es-conj] [irse]
**** Derived terms
{{col|es|irse chuco|irse de culo|írsele la onda|írsele el avión|írsele el
pájaro |ahí va |al ahí se va |cosas que van y vienen |cuando tú vas yo vengo
de regreso |¿dónde va Vicente? donde va la gente|ir adelante |ir a buscar|a
eso voy |ir a más |ir a medias |ir a menos |ir a parar |irse al cuerno |ir
cada uno por su lado |ir de |ir del bracero |ir del bracete |ir de compras |ir
de copas |ir de primero |ir de putas |ir de segundo |ir demasiado lejos |ir en
top |ir para largo |ir preso |ires y venires |irse a hacer gárgaras |irse a la
cama |irse a la verga |irse al tacho |irse de este mundo |irse a fondo |irse
de las manos |irse de vareta |irse la fuerza por la boca |ni ir ni venir |no
va más |no vaya a ser que |qué va |quién va |sin ir más lejos |vamos hablando
|vaya con Dios |vaya por caso |vete a chingar |voy y vengo |ir en serio<t:to
get serious, to be serious; to mean it> |ir a por<t:to go get, to fetch; to go
for, to come for> |ir al grano |ir a lo seguro<t:to play it safe> |agua va |va
de cuento |vamos al caso |vete con Dios }}
**** See also
- [es]
- [es]
- [es] (common preterite verb forms)
- [es]
*** References
References:
[1]. [R:es:DCECH]
[2]. [R:lad:Folkmasa]
[3]. [R:lv:LEV]
[4]. [R:es:DCECH]
[5]. [title=Spanish from Argentina: That Voseo Thing]
*** Further reading
- [R:es:DRAE]
[es]
** Sumerian
*** Romanization
[sux-rom]
1. [sux]
** Welsh
*** Etymology
From [cy] (compare [kw]), from [cy] (compare [ga]), from [cy], from [cy].
[cy].
*** Pronunciation
- [cy]
- [cy]
*** Adjective
[ach]
1. raw , unprocessed , fresh
2. verdant , succulent
**** Derived terms
- [cy]
*** Mutation
[cy-mut]
*** Further reading
- [R:cy:Gweiadur]
- [R:cy:GPC]
** Yapese
*** Pronoun
[yap]
1. [Third-person singular pronoun] ; he , she , it