From en.wiktionary.org:
[gäll]
** English
[wikipedia]
*** Pronunciation
- [en]
- [en]
- [en]
- [en]
- [en]
*** Etymology 1
[en] [en] From [en], from [en], [ang],<ref name=OED1/> from [en], from [en].
The figurative senses (e.g., impudence, brazenness, chutzpah) are related to
the literal sense (i.e., bile) via the lasting [en] effects of [en], which
governed Western medicine for many centuries before the advent of scientific
medicine.
Related to [nl], [de], [sv], [sv], [grc]. Also remotely related with
[en].<ref name=OED1>[id=2075163754]
**** Noun
[~]
1. [en] [en] [impudence] or brazen ness; temerity ; chutzpah .
2. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1917 | author=w:Edgar Rice Burroughs | title=s:The Oakdale Affair | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811201712/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fpublicsearch%2Fmodengpub.o2w | chapter=6
|passage=“Durn ye!” he cried. “I’ll lam ye! Get offen here. I knows ye. Yer
one o’ that gang o’ bums that come here last night, an’ now you got the GALL
to come back beggin’ for food, eh? I’ll lam ye!” and he raised the gun to his
shoulder.}}
1. * [en]
2. * [en]
3. * [en]
4. * [en]
5. [en] [en] A gallbladder .
6. * [Job]
7. [en] [en] Bile , especially that of an animal ; the greenish , profoundly bitter - tasting fluid found in bile duct s and gall bladder s, structures associated with the liver .
8. [en] [en] Great misery or physical suffering , likened to the bitter est- tasting of substances.
9. * [Deuteronomy]
10. * [passage=The stage its ancient fury thus let fall, / And comedy diverted without GALL .]
11. * [chapter=XIV]
***** Derived terms
[en]
***** Translations
[impudence or brazenness]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Czech: [cs] , [cs]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- French: [fr] , [fr] , [fr]
- Georgian: [ka] , [ka]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Greek: [el]
- Irish: [ga] , [ga] , [ga]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro]
- Spanish: [es] , [es] ,
- Swedish: [sv]
[trans-bottom]
[gall bladder]
[bile]
[great misery or physical suffering]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi]
- Georgian: [ka] , [ka]
- Greek: [el] , [el]
- Maori: [mi]
- Portuguese: [pt] , [pt] , [pt]
- Romanian: [ro]
- Spanish: [es] , [es]
[trans-bottom]
*** Etymology 2
[en] From [en], from [en], from [en], from [en].
**** Noun
[~]
1. [en] A sore on a horse caused by an ill- fit ted or ill- adjust ed saddle ; a saddle sore .
2. * 1989 National Ag Safety Database (Centers for Disease Control) (see https://web.archive.org/web/20061010171740/http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d000001-d000100/d000027/d000027.html)
3. *: Riding a horse with bruised or broken skin can cause a GALL , which frequently results in the white saddle marks seen on the withers and backs of some horses.
4. [en] A sore or open wound caused by chafing , which may become infected, as with a blister .
5. * [chapter=Song of Myself]
6. [en] A feeling of exasperation .
7. * [part=1]
8. * [210]
9. * [en]
10. [en] A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point.
***** Derived terms
[en]
***** Translations
[sore on a horse]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Finnish: [fi]
- Greek: [el]
- Irish: [ga]
- Ottoman Turkish: [ota] , [ota]
- Turkish: [tr] , [tr]
[trans-bottom]
[sore or open wound caused by chafing]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Finnish: [fi]
- Galician: [gl]
- Greek: [el]
- Irish: [ga]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro]
[trans-bottom]
[feeling of exasperation]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- Greek: [el] , [el] , [el]
- Portuguese: [pt] , [pt]
- Romanian: [ro]
[trans-bottom]
[pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces]
- Finnish: [fi]
- Russian: [ru]
[trans-bottom]
**** Verb
[en-verb]
1. [en] To chafe , to rub or subject to friction ; to create a sore on the skin.
2. * [passage= [...] he went awkwardly in these clothes at first: wearing the drawers was very awkward to him, and the sleeves of the waistcoat GALLED his shoulders and the inside of his arms; but a little easing them where he complained they hurt him, and using himself to them, he took to them at length very well.]
3. [en] To bother or trouble .
4. * [chapter=‘Pieces of Eight’]
5. * [chapter=15]
6. [en] To harass , to harry , often with the intent to cause injury.
7. * JUNE 24, 1778 , [George Washington] , _The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources: Volume 12 (see https://web.archive.org/web/20140811201712/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fpublicsearch%2Fmodengpub.o2w) , 1745–1799_
8. *: The disposition for these detachments is as follows – Morgans corps, to gain the enemy’s right flank; Maxwells brigade to hang on their left. Brigadier Genl. Scott is now marching with a very respectable detachment destined to GALL the enemys left flank and rear.
9. [en] To exasperate .
10. * {{ quote-journal | en | year=1979 | author=w:Mark Bowden | title=Captivity Pageant | journal=The Atlantic | volume=296 | issue=5 | month=December | titleurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516012032/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200512/december-1979/4 | pages=92–97
|passage=Metrinko was hungry, but he was GALLED by how self-congratulatory his
captors seemed, how generous and noble and proudly Islamic.}}
1. [en] To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point.
2. [en] To scoff ; to jeer .
3. * [5]
***** Derived terms
[en]
***** Translations
[to chafe]
- Bulgarian: [bg] , [bg]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Ukrainian: [uk] , [uk]
[trans-bottom]
[to trouble or bother]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Czech: [cs] , [cs]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl] , [nl] [Flemish]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- French: [fr] , [fr] , [fr]
- Georgian: [ka] , [ka]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro] , [ro]
- Spanish: [es]
[trans-bottom]
[to harass, harry]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl] , [nl] [Flemish]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro] , [ro]
[trans-bottom]
[to exasperate]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Czech: [cs] , [cs] , [cs]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi]
- French: [fr]
- Georgian: [ka] , [ka]
- German: [de]
- Ido: [io]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro]
- Spanish: [es]
[trans-bottom]
[to cause pitting on a surface] [trans-bottom]
*** Etymology 3
[en] From [en], from [en], from [en].[1][2] right
**** Noun
[en-noun]
1. [en] A blister or tumor -like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogen s, especially the burrow ing of insect larva e into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp ( [Cynips quercusfolii] ).
2. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1974 | editor=Philip P. Wiener | title=Dictionary of the History of Ideas | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907131636/http://etext.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv2-34
|passage=Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the
origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak
GALLS—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew
against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the
insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in GALLS were enclosed in them
for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their
semen or their eggs into the plants.}}
1. A bump -like imperfection resembling a gall.
2. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1653 | author=w:Izaak Walton | title=s:The Compleat Angler | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811201712/http://etext.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fpublicsearch%2Fmodengpub.o2w | chapter=21
|passage=But first for your Line. First note, that you are to take care that
your hair be round and clear, and free from GALLS, or scabs, or frets: for a
well- chosen, even, clear, round hair, of a kind of glass-colour, will prove
as strong as three uneven scabby hairs that are ill-chosen, and full of GALLS
or unevenness. You shall seldom find a black hair but it is round, but many
white are flat and uneven; therefore, if you get a lock of right, round,
clear, glass-colour hair, make much of it.}}
***** Synonyms
- [en]
***** Derived terms
[en]
***** Translations
[blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants]
- Armenian: [hy]
- Catalan: [ca] , [ca]
- Chichewa: [ny]
- Chinese:
- Czech: [cs]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- Galician: [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl] , [gl]
- German: [de] , [de] , [de] , [de] , [de]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja] , [ja]
- Latin: [la]
- Ottoman Turkish: [ota]
- Polish: [pl] , [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt] , [pt] , [pt] , [pt] , [pt] , [pt]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru]
- Slovene: [sl]
- Spanish: [es]
- Turkish: [tr]
- Ukrainian: [uk]
- Welsh: [cy]
[trans-bottom]
[bump-like imperfection]
- Dutch: [nl] , [nl]
- Finnish: [fi] , [fi] , [fi] , [fi]
- Greek: [el] , [el]
- Portuguese: [pt] , [pt]
- ǃXóõ: [nmn]
[trans-bottom]
**** Verb
[en-verb]
1. [en] To impregnate with a decoction of gallnut s in dye ing.
2. * [en]
*** See also
- [en]
*** References
[reflist]
[en]
** Catalan
*** Etymology
[ca]. Compare [oc], [fro], [es].
*** Pronunciation
- [ca-IPA]
- [ca]
- [ca]
*** Noun
[m]
1. rooster , cock
2. John Dory
**** Derived terms
{{col3|ca |fer el gall |gall de baralla |gall dindi |gall fer |gall nival
|gallejar |galler |gallaret |pes gall }}
*** See also
- [ca]
*** References
- [R:ca:IEC2]
- [R:ca:GDLC]
- [R:ca:DNV]
- [R:ca:DCVB]
[ca]
** Hungarian
*** Pronunciation
- [hu-IPA]
- [hu]
- [hu]
*** Adjective
[-]
1. Gallic [of or pertaining to Gaul , its people or language]
**** Declension
[gallo]
*** Noun
[~]
1.. [hu]
2. Gaulish , Gallic [language]
**** Declension
[gallo][gall]
**** Related terms
- [hu]
*** Further reading
- [R:ErtSz]
- [R:Nagyszotar]
[hu]
** Icelandic
*** Noun
[n]
1. gall , bile
2. bitterness , rancour
**** Declension
[n]
*** Verb
[is] [strong]
1. [is]
2. [is]
** Irish
*** Pronunciation
- [ga]
- [ga]
- [ga]
*** Etymology 1
From [ga], from [ga], from [ga]. Cognate with [gd] and [gv].
**** Noun
[m]
1. foreigner
2. [ga] Anglified Irish person
***** Declension
[g]
***** Derived terms
- [ga]
- [ga]
***** Related terms
- [ga]
*** Etymology 2
**** Noun
[m]
1. [ga]
*** Declension
[g]
*** Mutation
[ga-mut]
*** References
[size=smaller]
*** Further reading
- [R:ga:Ó Dónaill]
- [R:ga:EID]
- [R:ga:NEID]
[ga]
** Middle Irish
*** Etymology
From [mga], from [mga].
*** Pronunciation
- [mga]
*** Noun
[m]
1. foreigner
**** Descendants
- [ga]
- [gv]
- [gd]
*** Mutation
[g]
*** Further reading
- [head=1 Gall]
** Scottish Gaelic
*** Noun
[g=m]
1. [gd]
** Uzbek
*** Noun
[uz-noun]
1. [uz]
**** Derived terms
- [uz]
*** Adjective
[uz-adj]
1. Gaulish
** Welsh
*** Alternative forms
- [cy] [literary, third-person singular present/future]
*** Pronunciation
- [cy]
- [cy]
- [cy]
*** Verb
[cy-verb form]
1. [cy]
*** Mutation
[cy-mut]
*** References
References:
[1]. [R:AHD]
[2]. [id=MED18118]