From en.wiktionary.org:
** English
*** Etymology
[en] From [en], [enm], from [en], from [en].
*** Pronunciation
- [en]
- [en]
- [en]
*** Noun
[~]
1. The act of founding , fixing, establishing, or beginning to erect .
2. That upon which anything is founded; that on which anything stands, and by which it is supported; the lowest and supporting layer of a superstructure; underbuilding .
3. * {{ quote-text | en | year=1777 | author=w:Richard Brinsley Sheridan | title=The School for Scandal | section=IV.iii
|passage=Aye Madam to be sure that is the Provoking circumstance—without
FOUNDATION—yes yes—there's the mortification indeed—for when a slanderous
story is believed against one—there certainly is no comfort like the
consciousness of having deserved it——}}
1. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=2013-07-20 | volume=408 | issue=8845 | magazine=w:The Economist
|title=The attack of the MOOCs (see
http://www.economist.com/news/http://www.economist.com/news/business/21582001-army-new-online-courses-scaring-wits-out-traditional-universities-can-they)
|passage=Since the launch early last year of […] two Silicon Valley start-ups
offering free education through MOOCs, massive open online courses, the ivory
towers of academia have been shaken to their FOUNDATIONS. University brands
built in some cases over centuries have been forced to contemplate the
possibility that information technology will rapidly make their existing
business model obsolete.}}
1. [en] The result of the work to begin something; that which stabilizes and allows an enterprise or system to develop.
2. * {{ quote-book | en | year=2006 | author=K P Yadav | title=Economic Planning And Restructuring | publisher=Sarup & Sons | isbn=9788176256285 | page=44
|passage=The implication is that the Gandhian model of growth is possible, now
that Nehru's investment strategy had already laid a strong FOUNDATION for
economic growth.}}
1. [en] In solitaire or patience games, one of the pile s of card s that the player attempts to build, usually holding all cards of a suit in ascending order.
2. [en] [en] The lowest and supporting part or member of a wall , including the base course and footing courses; in a frame house , the whole substructure of masonry .
3. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=May 20, 2012 | author=Nathan Rabin | work=The Onion AV Club
|title=TV: Review: THE SIMPSONS (CLASSIC): “Marge Gets A Job” (season 4,
episode 7; originally aired 11/05/1992) (see
http://www.avclub.com/articles/marge-gets-a-job,73723/) |passage=“Marge Gets A
Job” opens with the FOUNDATION of the Simpson house tilting perilously to one
side, making the family homestead look like the suburban equivalent of the
Leaning Tower Of Pisa.}}
1. A donation or legacy appropriated to support a charitable institution, and constituting a permanent fund; endowment.
2. That which is founded, or established by endowment; an endowed institution or charity.
3. [en] Cosmetic cream roughly skin - colored , designed to make the face appear uniform in color and texture ..
4. A basis for social bodies or intellectual disciplines.
5. * {{ quote-journal | en | date=2013-08-03 | volume=408 | issue=8847 | magazine=w:The Economist
|title=Boundary problems (see
http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21582498-america-has-changed-way-it-measures-gdp-boundary-problems)
|passage=Economics is a messy discipline: too fluid to be a science, too
rigorous to be an art. Perhaps it is fitting that economists’ most-used
metric, gross domestic product (GDP), is a tangle too.[...]But as a FOUNDATION
for analysis it is highly subjective: it rests on difficult decisions about
what counts as a territory, what counts as output and how to value it.
Indeed, economists are still tweaking it.}}
**** Derived terms
{{col|en|foundational |foundationary |foundation degree |foundationed
|foundationer |foundation garment |foundationless |foundation model
|foundation myth |foundation stone |foundationwear |grounation |lay a
foundation |microfoundation |refoundation }}
**** Translations
[act of founding]
- Arabic: [ar] , [ar] , [ar] , [ar] , [ar]
- Armenian: [hy] , [hy]
- Belarusian: [be]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Chinese:
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- German: [de]
- Greek: [el] , [el]
- Hebrew: [he] , [he]
- Hindi: [hi]
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja] , [ja] , [ja] , [ja] , [ja]
- Kazakh: [kk]
- Korean: [ko] , [ko]
- Latin: [la]
- Macedonian: [mk]
- Occitan: [oc]
- Ottoman Turkish: [ota]
- Papiamentu: [pap]
- Polish: [pl] , [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Punjabi:
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro] , [ro] , [ro] -, [ro] , [ro]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru]
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Slovak: [sk]
- Slovene: [sl]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Turkish: [tr]
- Ukrainian: [uk]
[trans-bottom]
[that upon which anything is founded]
- Arabic: [ar] , [ar]
- Armenian: [hy]
- Assamese: [as]
- Azerbaijani: [az] , [az] , [az] , [az]
- Bashkir: [ba]
- Belarusian: [be] , [be] , [be]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Chinese:
- Czech: [cs]
- Danish: [da] , [da]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Finnish: [fi] [concrete] , [fi] [figuratively]
- French: [fr] , [fr]
- Galician: [gl] , [gl] , [gl]
- German: [de]
- Greek: [el]
- Hebrew: [he] , [he]
- Hindi: [hi] , [hi]
- Icelandic: [is]
- Ingrian: [izh]
- Irish: [ga]
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja] , [ja] , [ja]
- Kazakh: [kk]
- Khiamniungan Naga: [kix]
- Korean: [ko] , [ko]
- Kurdish:
- Kyrgyz: [ky]
- Latin: [la] , [la]
- Macedonian: [mk]
- Malayalam: [ml] , [ml]
- Maori: [mi]
- Mirandese: [mwl]
- Navajo: [nv]
- Norwegian:
- Occitan: [oc] , [oc]
- Ottoman Turkish: [ota] , [ota]
- Plautdietsch: [pdt]
- Polish: [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt] , [pt] , [pt] , [pt]
- Punjabi:
- Quechua: [qu]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro] , [ro] , [ro]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru] , [ru]
- Sanskrit: [sa]
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Sindhi: [sd] , [sd]
- Slovak: [sk]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv] , [sv]
- Tagalog: [tl]
- Tocharian B: [txb]
- Turkish: [tr]
- Ugaritic: [uga]
- Ukrainian: [uk] , [uk] , [uk]
- Urdu: [ur] , [ur]
- Vietnamese: [vi] , [vi]
- Welsh: [cy]
- Yiddish: [yi] , [yi]
[trans-bottom]
[result of the work to begin something]
- Finnish: [fi]
- Malayalam: [ml]
- Spanish: [es]
[trans-bottom]
[pile of cards]
- Finnish: [fi]
[trans-bottom]
[lowest and supporting part or member of a wall]
- Armenian: [hy]
- Bashkir: [ba]
- Belarusian: [be] , [be]
- Bulgarian: [bg] , [bg]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Chinese:
- Danish: [da]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo] , [eo]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- Galician: [gl] , [gl] , [gl]
- Georgian: [ka]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Greek: [el]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Hindi: [hi]
- Icelandic: [is]
- Irish: [ga]
- Italian: [it]
- Kabuverdianu: [kea] , [kea] , [kea]
- Khmer: [km] , [km]
- Maori: [mi] , [mi]
- Marathi: [mr]
- Mongolian: [mn]
- Norwegian:
- Old English: [ang]
- Ottoman Turkish: [ota] , [ota]
- Persian: [fa]
- Polish: [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt] , [pt]
- Quechua: [qu] , [qu]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro] , [ro]
- Russian: [ru] , [ru]
- Scottish Gaelic: [gd]
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Sindhi: [sd] , [sd]
- Spanish: [es]
- Swahili: [sw]
- Swedish: [sv] , [sv]
- Thai: [th]
- Turkish: [tr] , [tr]
- Vietnamese: [vi]
- Yiddish: [yi]
[trans-bottom]
[legacy constituting a permanent fund of charitable institution]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- Hindi: [hi]
- Polish: [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro]
- Russian: [ru]
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Sindhi: [sd]
- Swedish: [sv] , [sv] , [sv] , [sv] , [sv] , [sv] , [sv] , [sv]
- Turkish: [tr]
[trans-bottom]
[endowed institution or charity]
- Arabic: [ar]
- Armenian: [hy]
- Bashkir: [ba]
- Breton: [br]
- Bulgarian: [bg]
- Catalan: [ca]
- Cherokee: [chr]
- Chinese:
- Czech: [cs]
- Dutch: [nl]
- Esperanto: [eo]
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- German: [de]
- Greek: [el]
- Hebrew: [he]
- Hungarian: [hu]
- Icelandic: [is]
- Italian: [it]
- Japanese: [ja] , [ja]
- Kazakh: [kk]
- Kurdish:
- Malay: [ms]
- Meänkieli: [fit]
- Norwegian:
- Occitan: [oc]
- Polish: [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro] , [ro]
- Russian: [ru]
- Sindhi: [sd]
- Sorbian:
- Spanish: [es]
- Swedish: [sv] , [sv]
- Thai: [th]
- Turkish: [tr] , [tr]
- Ukrainian: [uk] , [uk]
- Welsh: [cy]
[trans-bottom]
[cosmetic cream]
- Afrikaans: [af]
- Arabic: [ar]
- Chinese:
- Finnish: [fi]
- French: [fr]
- German: [de] , [de]
- Greek: [el]
- Hungarian: [hu]
- Icelandic: [is]
- Japanese: [ja]
- Korean: [ko]
- Polish: [pl] , [pl] , [pl]
- Portuguese: [pt]
- Romanian: [ro]
- Russian: [ru]
- Serbo-Croatian:
- Spanish: [es]
- Swedish: [sv]
- Thai: [th]
- Turkish: [tr]
[trans-bottom]
[basis for social bodies; intellectual disciplines]
- Finnish: [fi]
- Galician: [gl]
[trans-bottom]
[checktrans-top]
- Afrikaans: [af]
- Italian: [it]
- Vietnamese: [vi]
[trans-bottom]
*** Further reading
- [pedia]
[en]