From en.wikipedia.org:
[Small wild cat] [domestic cats (Felis catus) that live in the wild] [the Old
World wildcat] {{Paraphyletic group | auto = yes | name = Wildcat | status =
LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn/> | image =
European_Wildcat_Nationalpark_Bayerischer_Wald_03.jpg | image_caption =
European wildcat (_Felis silvestris_) | image2 = Felis_silvestris_gordoni.jpg
| image2_caption = African wildcat (_Felis lybica_) | parent = Felis |
binomial = _Felis silvestris_ | binomial_authority = Schreber, 1777 |
binomial2 = _Felis lybica_ | binomial2_authority = Forster, 1780 | range_map2
= Wild Cat Felis silvestris distribution map.png | range_map2_caption =
Distribution of the wildcat species complex<ref name=iucn/> }}
The WILDCAT is a species complex comprising two small wild cat species: the
European wildcat (_Felis silvestris_) and the African wildcat (_F. lybica_).
The European wildcat inhabits forests in Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus,
while the African wildcat inhabits semi-arid landscapes and steppes in Africa,
the Arabian Peninsula, Central Asia, into western India and western China.<ref
name=catsg>[last1=Kitchener ] The wildcat species differ in fur pattern, tail,
and size: the European wildcat has long fur and a bushy tail with a rounded
tip; the smaller African wildcat is more faintly striped, has short sandy-gray
fur and a tapering tail; the Asiatic wildcat (_F. lybica ornata_) is
spotted.<ref name=Yama2004>[last1=Yamaguchi ]
The wildcat and the other members of the cat family had a common ancestor
about 10–15 million years ago.<ref name=Johnson1997>[last1=Johnson ] The
European wildcat evolved during the Cromerian Stage about 866,000 to 478,000
years ago; its direct ancestor was _Felis lunensis_.<ref name
=Kurten>[last1=Kurtén ] The _silvestris_ and _lybica_ lineages probably
diverged about 173,000 years ago.[1]
The wildcat is categorized as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002,
since it is widely distributed in a stable global population exceeding 20,000
mature individuals. Some local populations are threatened by introgressive
hybridisation with the domestic cat (_F. catus_), contagious disease, vehicle
collisions and persecution.<ref name=iucn>[title= _Felis silvestris_ ]
The association of African wildcats and humans appears to have developed along
with the establishment of settlements during the Neolithic Revolution, when
rodents in grain stores of early farmers attracted wildcats. This association
ultimately led to it being tamed and domesticated: the domestic cat is the
direct descendant of the African wildcat.[2] It was one of the revered cats in
ancient Egypt.<ref name=Baldwin>[title=Notes and speculations on the
domestication of the cat in Egypt ] The European wildcat has been the subject
of mythology and literature.<ref name="k2" /><ref name="ha17"/>
** Taxonomy
_Felis (catus) silvestris_ was the scientific name used in 1777 by Johann von
Schreber when he described the European wildcat based on descriptions and
names proposed by earlier naturalists such as Mathurin Jacques Brisson, Ulisse
Aldrovandi and Conrad Gessner.<ref name=Schreber>[last=Schreber ] _Felis
lybica_ was the name proposed in 1780 by Georg Forster, who described an
African wildcat from Gafsa on the Barbary Coast.[3]
In subsequent decades, several naturalists and explorers described 40 wildcat
specimens collected in European, African and Asian range countries. In the
1940s, the taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock reviewed the collection of wildcat
skins and skulls in the Natural History Museum, London, and designated seven
_F. silvestris_ subspecies from Europe to Asia Minor, and 25 _F. lybica_
subspecies from Africa, and West to Central Asia. Pocock differentiated
the:<ref name=Pocock1951/><ref name=Pocock1951_2/>
- FOREST WILDCAT subspecies ( _silvestris_ group)
- STEPPE WILDCAT subspecies ( _ornata_ - _caudata_ group): is distinguished from the forest wildcat by being smaller, with comparatively lighter fur colour, and longer and more sharply-pointed tails. <ref name=Pocock1951_2/> The domestic cat is thought to have derived from this group. [4] <ref name="brock"/> <ref name="CA-Driscoll"/>
- BUSH WILDCAT subspecies ( _ornata_ - _lybica_ group): is distinguished from the steppe wildcat by paler fur, well-developed spot patterns and bands. <ref name=Pocock1951_2/>
In 2005, 22 subspecies were recognized by the authors of _Mammal Species of
the World_, who allocated subspecies largely in line with Pocock's
assessment.<ref name=msw3>[id=14000057 ]
In 2006, the Chinese mountain cat was placed within the wildcat lineage, being
found to be more closely related to the Asiatic wildcat and the domestic cat
than to the European wildcat through nuclear DNA,<ref name="CA-Driscoll"/><ref
name="Johnson"/><ref name=Li_al2016>[author=Li, G. ] while being placed as an
outgroup to the wildcat clade through mitochondrial DNA.<ref
name="CA-Driscoll"/>
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force revised the taxonomy of the
Felidae, and recognized the following as valid taxa:<ref name="catsg"/>
{|class="wikitable" ! Species and subspecies !! Characteristics !! Image |--
style="vertical-align: top;" | EUROPEAN WILDCAT (_F. silvestris_) Schreber,
1777; [syn. _F. s. ferus_ Erxleben , 1777; _obscura_ Desmarest , 1820;
_hybrida_ Fischer , 1829; _ferox_ Martorelli, 1896; _morea_ Trouessart , 1904;
_grampia_ Miller , 1907; _tartessia_ Miller, 1907; _molisana_ Altobello ,
1921; _reyi_ Lavauden , 1929; _jordansi_ Schwarz , 1930; _euxina_ Pocock,
1943; _cretensis_ Haltenorth , 1953] |This species and the nominate subspecies
has dark grey fur with distinct transverse stripes on the sides and a bushy
tail with a rounded black tip.<ref name=Schreber/><ref name=Pocock1951/> | |--
style="vertical-align: top;" | CAUCASIAN WILDCAT (_F. s. caucasica_)
Satunin, 1905; [syn. _trapezia_ Blackler, 1916] |This subspecies is light
grey with well developed patterns on the head and back and faint transverse
bands and spots on the sides. The tail has three distinct black transverse
rings.[5] | |-- style="vertical-align: top;" | AFRICAN WILDCAT (_F. lybica_)
Forster, 1780; [syn. _F. l. ocreata_ Gmelin , 1791; _nubiensis_ Kerr ,
1792; _maniculata_ Temminck , 1824; _mellandi_ Schwann, 1904; _rubida_
Schwann, 1904; _ugandae_ Schwann, 1904; _mauritana_ Cabrera , 1906; _nandae_
Heller , 1913; _taitae_ Heller, 1913; _nesterovi_ Birula, 1916; _iraki_
Cheesman , 1921; _hausa_ Thomas and Hinton , 1921; _griselda_ Thomas, 1926;
_brockmani_ Pocock, 1944; _foxi_ Pocock, 1944; _pyrrhus_ Pocock, 1944;
_gordoni_ Harrison , 1968] |This species and the nominate subspecies has pale,
buffish or light-greyish fur with a tinge of red on the dorsal band; the
length of its pointed tail is about two-thirds of the head to body size.<ref
name=Rosevear74>[last=Rosevear ] | |-- style="vertical-align: top;" | SOUTHERN
AFRICAN WILDCAT (_F. l. cafra_) Desmarest, 1822; [syn. _F. l. xanthella_
Thomas, 1926; _vernayi_ Roberts , 1932] |This subspecies does not differ
significantly in colour and pattern from the nominate one. The available
zoological specimens merely have slightly longer skulls than those from
farther north in Africa.<ref name=Pocock1951_2/> | |-- style="vertical-align:
top;" | ASIATIC WILDCAT (_F. l. ornata_) Gray, 1830; [syn. _syriaca_
Tristram , 1867; _caudata_ Gray, 1874; _maniculata_ Yerbury and Thomas, 1895;
_kozlovi_ Satunin, 1905; _matschiei_ Zukowsky , 1914; _griseoflava_ Zukowsky,
1915; _longipilis_ Zukowsky, 1915; _macrothrix_ Zukowsky, 1915; _murgabensis_
Zukowsky, 1915; _schnitnikovi_ Birula, 1915; _issikulensis_ Ognev , 1930;
_tristrami_ Pocock, 1944] |This subspecies has dark spots on light,
ochreous-grey coloured fur.<ref name=Pocock1951_2/> | |}
** Evolution
The wildcat is a member of the Felidae, a family that had a common ancestor
about 10–15 million years ago.<ref name=Johnson1997/> _Felis_ species diverged
from the Felidae around 6–7 million years ago. The European wildcat diverged
from _Felis_ about 1.09 to 1.4 million years ago.[6]
The European wildcat's direct ancestor was _Felis lunensis_, which lived in
Europe in the late Pliocene and Villafranchian periods. Fossil remains
indicate that the transition from _lunensis_ to _silvestris_ was completed by
the Holstein interglacial about 340,000 to 325,000 years ago.<ref name
=Kurten/>
While an extensive fossil record exists in Europe, the oldest wildcat fossils
recovered in Africa and the Middle East originate from the Late Pleistocene,
which indicate that the wildcat probably migrated from Europe into the Middle
East during this period, giving rise to the steppe wildcat phenotype. A
second wave of expansion occurred shortly afterwards from the Pleistocene
Middle Eastern wildcat, eastward into Asia and southward through the Sinai
Peninsula into Africa, the latter likely resulting in a population
bottleneck.<ref name=Yama2004/> Phylogenetic research revealed that the
_lybica_ lineage probably diverged from the _silvestris_ lineage about 173,000
years ago.<ref name="CA-Driscoll"/> The steppe lineage did not re-enter Europe
during its expansion, and the two lineages have remained genetically distinct
since; hybridization between forest and domestic cats marks the first
large-scale genetic connection between the two groups since their original
divergence.<ref name=Yama2004/>
** Characteristics
[direction=vertical ]
The wildcat has pointed ears, which are moderate in length and broad at the
base.<ref name=Pocock1951>[last=Pocock ]<ref name=Pocock1951_2>[last=Pocock ]
Its whiskers are white, number 7 to 16 on each side and reach [5] in length on
the muzzle. Whiskers are also present on the inner surface of the paw and
measure [3]. Its eyes are large, with vertical pupils and yellowish-green
irises. The eyelashes range from [5] in length, and can number six to eight
per side.[7]<!-- The wildcat has good night vision, having 20 to 100% higher
retinal ganglion cell densities[date=June 2012] than the domestic cat. It
may[date=June 2012] have colour vision, since the densities of its cone
receptors are more than 100% higher than in the domestic cat.[date=February
2019] -->
The European wildcat has a greater skull volume than the domestic cat, a ratio
known as Schauenberg's index.[8] Further, its skull is more spherical in shape
than that of the jungle cat (_F. chaus_) and leopard cat (_Prionailurus
bengalensis_). Its dentition is relatively smaller and weaker than the jungle
cat's<!-- like it says, NOT "jungle cats'": one species -- tho "Geographic
variation in the jungle cat is quite considerable", and I, for one, don't know
how much that applies to tooth size. -->.[9]
Both wildcat species are larger than the domestic cat.<ref
name=Pocock1951/><ref name=Pocock1951_2/> The European wildcat has relatively
longer legs and a more robust build compared to the domestic cat.[10] The tail
is long, and usually slightly exceeds one-half of the animal's body length.
The species size varies according to Bergmann's rule, with the largest
specimens occurring in cool, northern areas of Europe and Asia such as
Mongolia, Manchuria and Siberia.[11] Males measure [43] in head to body
length, [23] in tail length, and normally weigh [5]. Females are slightly
smaller, measuring [40] in body length and [18] in tail length, and weighing
[3].<ref name="h408" />
Both sexes have two thoracic and two abdominal teats. Both sexes have
pre-anal glands, consisting of moderately sized sweat and sebaceous glands
around the anal opening. Large-sized sebaceous and scent glands extend along
the full length of the tail on the dorsal side. Male wildcats have pre-anal
pockets on the tail, activated upon reaching sexual maturity, play a
significant role in reproduction and territorial marking.[12]
** Distribution and habitat
[European wildcat#Distribution and habitat] The European wildcat inhabits
temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus. In
the Iberian Peninsula, it occurs from sea level to [2250] in the Pyrenees.
Between the late 17th and mid 20th centuries, its European range became
fragmented due to large-scale hunting and regional extirpation. It is
possibly extinct in the Czech Republic, and considered regionally extinct in
Austria, though vagrants from Italy are spreading into Austria. It has never
inhabited Fennoscandia or Estonia.<ref name=iucn/> Sicily is the only island
in the Mediterranean Sea with a native wildcat population.[13]
[African wildcat#Distribution and habitat] The African wildcat lives in a wide
range of habitats except rainforest, but throughout the savannahs of Africa
from Mauritania on the Atlantic coast eastward to the Horn of Africa up to
altitudes of [3000]. Small populations live in the Sahara and Nubian Deserts,
Karoo region, Kalahari and Namib Deserts.<ref name=Nowell1996>[last1=Nowell ]
It occurs around the Arabian Peninsula's periphery to the Caspian Sea,
encompassing Mesopotamia, Israel and Palestine region. In Central Asia, it
ranges into Xinjiang and southern Mongolia, and in South Asia into the Thar
Desert and arid regions in India.<ref name=iucn/>
** Behaviour and ecology
Both wildcat species are largely nocturnal and solitary, except during the
breeding period and when females have young. The size of home ranges of
females and males varies according to terrain, the availability of food,
habitat quality and the age structure of the population. Male and female home
ranges overlap, though core areas within territories are avoided by other
cats. Females tend to be more sedentary than males, as they require an
exclusive hunting area when raising kittens. Wildcats usually spend the day
in a hollow tree, a rock crevice or in dense thickets.<ref
name=Guggisberg1975>[last=Guggisberg ][14] It is also reported to shelter in
abandoned burrows of other species such as of red fox (_Vulpes vulpes_) and in
European badger (_Meles meles_) setts in Europe,[15] and of fennec (_Vulpes
zerda_) in Africa.<ref name=Rosevear74/>
When threatened, it retreats into a burrow, rather than climb trees. When
taking residence in a tree hollow, it selects one low to the ground. Dens in
rocks or burrows are lined with dry grasses and bird feathers. Dens in tree
hollows usually contain enough sawdust to make lining unnecessary. If the den
becomes infested with fleas, the wildcat shifts to another den. During
winter, when snowfall prevents the European wildcat from travelling long
distances, it remains within its den until travel conditions improve.<ref
name="h433" />
Territorial marking consists of spraying urine on trees, vegetation and rocks,
depositing faeces in conspicuous places, and leaving scent marks through
glands in its paws. It also leaves visual marks by scratching trees.[16]
*** Hunting and prey
{{multiple image | header=Paintings of wildcats |direction=vertical
|image1=Lydekker cat fawn.png |caption1=European wildcat killing a deer fawn, by Lydekker's _Wild Life of the World_ (1916)
|image2=WildcatThorburn1902.jpg |caption2=Scottish wildcat with black grouse carcass, by Archibald Thorburn (1902)
|image3=Felis ornata.jpg |caption3=Asian wildcat hunting monitor lizard, by Daniel Giraud Elliot (1883)
}}
Sight and hearing are the wildcat's primary senses when hunting. It lies in
wait for prey, then catches it by executing a few leaps, which can span three
metres. When hunting near water courses, it waits on trees overhanging the
water. It kills small prey by grabbing it in its claws, and piercing the neck
or occiput with its fangs. When attacking large prey, it leaps upon the
animal's back, and attempts to bite the neck or carotid. It does not persist
in attacking if prey manages to escape.[17]
The European wildcat primarily preys on small mammals such as European rabbit
(_Oryctolagus cuniculus_) and rodents.[18] It also preys on dormice, hares,
nutria (_Myocastor coypus_) and birds, especially ducks and other waterfowl,
galliformes, pigeons and passerines.[19] It can consume large bone
fragments.[20] Although it kills insectivores such as moles and shrews, it
rarely eats them.<ref name="h429" /> When living close to human settlements,
it preys on poultry.<ref name="h429" /> In the wild, it consumes up to [600]
of food daily.[21]
The African wildcat preys foremost on murids, to a lesser extent also on
birds, small reptiles and invertebrates.[22]
*** Reproduction and development
The wildcat has two estrus periods, one in December–February and another in
May–July.[23] Estrus lasts 5–9 days, with a gestation period lasting 60–68
days.[24] Ovulation is induced through copulation. Spermatogenesis occurs
throughout the year. During the mating season, males fight viciously,<ref
name="h434-437" /> and may congregate around a single female. There are
records of male and female wildcats becoming temporarily monogamous. Kittens
are usually born between April and May, and up to August. Litter size ranges
from 1–7 kittens.<ref name="y404" />
Kittens are born with closed eyes and are covered in a fuzzy coat.<ref
name="h434-437" /> They weigh [65] at birth, and kittens under [90] usually do
not survive. They are born with pink paw pads, which blacken at the age of
three months, and blue eyes, which turn amber after five months.<ref
name="y404" /> Their eyes open after 9–12 days, and their incisors erupt after
14–30 days. The kittens' milk teeth are replaced by their permanent dentition
at the age of 160–240 days. The kittens start hunting with their mother at
the age of 60 days, and start moving independently after 140–150 days.
Lactation lasts 3–4 months, though the kittens eat meat as early as 1.5 months
of age. Sexual maturity is attained at the age of 300 days.<ref
name="h434-437" /> Similarly to the domestic cat, the physical development of
African wildcat kittens over the first two weeks of their lives is much faster
than that of European wildcats.[25] The kittens are largely fully grown by 10
months, though skeletal growth continues for over 18–19 months. The family
dissolves after roughly five months, and the kittens disperse to establish
their own territories.<ref name="y404" /> Their maximum life span is 21 years,
though they usually live up to 13–14 years.<ref name="h434-437" />
Generation length of the wildcat is about eight years.[26]
*** Predators and competitors
Because of its habit of living in areas with rocks and tall trees for refuge,
dense thickets and abandoned burrows, wildcats have few natural predators. In
Central Europe, many kittens are killed by European pine marten (_Martes
martes_), and there is at least one account of an adult wildcat being killed
and eaten. Competitors include the golden jackal (_Canis aureus_), red fox,
marten, and other predators.[27] In the steppe regions of Europe and Asia,
village dogs constitute serious enemies of wildcats, along with the much
larger Eurasian lynx, one of the rare habitual predators of healthy adult
wildcats. In Tajikistan, the grey wolf (_Canis lupus_) is the most serious
competitor, having been observed to destroy cat burrows. Birds of prey,
including Eurasian eagle-owl (_Bubo bubo_) and saker falcon (_Falco cherrug_),
have been recorded to kill wildcat kittens.[28] Golden eagle (_Aquila
chrysaetos_) are known to hunt both adults and kittens.[29] Seton Gordon
recorded an instance where a wildcat fought a golden eagle, resulting in the
deaths of both combatants.[30] In Africa, wildcats are occasionally killed and
eaten by Central African rock python (_Python sebae_)[31] and martial eagle
(_Polemaetus bellicosus_).[32]
** Threats
Wildcat populations are foremost threatened by hybridization with the domestic
cat.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=Yama2004/> Due to their greater physical
similarity, hybridization produces less visible effects in steppe type
wildcats. In the Middle East, North Africa, and southwest Asia, it can thus
be difficult to reliably distinguish steppe wildcats and free-living domestic
cats living in the same dry environments, and it is possible that some
populations derive primarily from early feral cats.<ref name=Yama2004/>
Mortality due to traffic accidents is a threat especially in Europe.<ref
name=iucn/> The wildcat population in Scotland has declined since the turn of
the 20th century due to habitat loss and persecution by landowners.[33]
In the former Soviet Union, wildcats were caught accidentally in traps set for
European pine marten. In modern times, they are caught in unbaited traps on
pathways or at abandoned trails of red fox, European badger, European hare or
pheasant. One method of catching wildcats consists of using a modified
muskrat trap with a spring placed in a concealed pit. A scent trail of
pheasant viscera leads the cat to the pit. Wildcat skins were of little
commercial value and sometimes converted into imitation sealskin; the fur
usually fetched between 50 and 60 kopecks.[34] Wildcat skins were almost
solely used for making cheap scarfs, muffs and coats for ladies.[35]
** Conservation
Wildcat species are protected in most range countries and listed in CITES
Appendix II. The European wildcat is also listed in Appendix II of the Berne
Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and
in the European Union's Habitats and Species Directive.<ref name=iucn />
Conservation Action Plans have been developed in Germany and Scotland.[36][37]
** In culture
*** Domestication
[Cat#Domestication] An African wildcat skeleton excavated in a 9,500-year-old
Neolithic grave in Cyprus is the earliest known indication for a close
relationship between a human and a possibly tamed cat. As no cat species is
native to Cyprus, this discovery indicates that Neolithic farmers may have
brought cats to Cyprus from the Near East.<ref name=Vigne2004>[last1=Vigne ]
Results of genetics and morphological research corroborated that the African
wildcat is the ancestor of the domestic cat. The first individuals were
probably domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around the time of the
introduction of agriculture.<ref name="CA-Driscoll"/><ref name="brock"/><ref
name="h452-455"/> Murals and statuettes depicting cats as well mummified cats
indicate that it was commonly kept by ancient Egyptians since at least the
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt.<ref name=Baldwin/>
*** In mythology
Celtic fables of the Cat Sìth, a fairy creature described as resembling a
large white-chested black cat, are thought to have been inspired by the Kellas
cat, itself thought to be a free-ranging crossbreed between a European wildcat
and a domestic cat.<ref name="k2" /> In 1693, William Salmon mentioned how
body parts of the wildcat were used for medicinal purposes; its flesh for
treating gout, its fat for dissolving tumours and easing pain, its blood for
curing "falling sickness", and its excrement for treating baldness.[38]
*** In heraldry
The Picts venerated wildcats, having probably named Caithness (Land of the
Cats) after them. According to the foundation myth of the Catti tribe, their
ancestors were attacked by wildcats upon landing in Scotland. Their ferocity
impressed the Catti so much, that the wildcat became their symbol. The
progenitors of Clan Sutherland use the wildcat as symbol on their family
crest. The clan's chief bears the title _Morair Chat_ (Great Man of the
Cats).[39] The wildcat is considered an icon of Scottish wilderness, and has
been used in clan heraldry since the 13th century. The Clan Chattan
Association (also known as the Clan of Cats) comprises 12 clans, the majority
of which display the wildcat on their badges.[40]
*** In literature
Shakespeare referenced the wildcat three times:<ref name="ha17"/>
{{blockquote|
The patch is kind enough; but a huge feeder
Snail-slow in profit, and he sleeps by day
More than the WILD CAT .
|_The Merchant of Venice_ Act 2 Scene 5 lines 47–49}}
{{blockquote|
Thou must be married to no man but me;
For I am he, am born to tame you, Kate;
And bring you from a WILD CAT to a Kate
Comfortable, as other household Kates.
|_The Taming of the Shrew_ Act 2 Scene 1 lines 265–268}}
{{blockquote|
Thrice the BRINDED CAT hath mew'd.
|_Macbeth_ Act 4 Scene 1 line 1}}
** References
[colwidth=30em]
** Sources
- [last=Hamilton ]
- [last1=Harris ]
- [last1=Heptner ]
- [last=Kilshaw ]
- [last=Kingdon ]
- [last=Tomkies ]
** Further reading
- [last=Kurtén ]
- [last1=Osborn ]
** External links
[Felis silvestris] [wildcat] [Felis silvestris]
- [url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=101 ]
- [url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=112 ]
- [url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=102 ]
- [url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/bsein/redbook/txt/felis.htm?%20MAMMALIA ]
- [url=http://www.arkive.org/wildcat/felis-silvestris/photos.html ]
- [url=http://zsienvis.nic.in/endb/end_mam/felis_silvestris.htm ]
- [url=http://digimorph.org/specimens/Felis_sylvestris_lybica/female/ ]
- SCOTTISH WILDCAT
- [url=http://www.scottishwildcats.co.uk/ ]
- [url=http://www.wildcathaven.co.uk/ ]
[Fe.] [Cats] [from=Q43576] [Authority control]
Category:Felis Category:Mammals described in 1777 Category:Mammals of Africa
Category:Mammals of Asia Category:Mammals of Europe Category:Mammals of
Azerbaijan Category:Mammals of Pakistan Category:Mammals of the Middle East
Category:Mammals of Uganda