From en.wikipedia.org:
[Human protein] [Infobox_gene] RETROTRANSPOSON GAG LIKE 6 is a protein encoded
by the RTL6 gene in humans.<ref name="entrez" /> RTL6 is a member of the Mart
family of genes, which are related to Sushi-like retrotransposons and were
derived from fish and amphibians.<ref name=":1" /> The RTL6 protein is
localized to the nucleus and has a predicted leucine zipper motif that is
known to bind nucleic acids in similar proteins, such as LDOC1. __FORCETOC__
** Gene
*** Locus
[[File:RTL6 gene neighborhood.gif|thumb|485x485px|Gene neighborhood of RTL6 on
chromosome 22.[1] ]]The gene is on Chromosome 22 (human) at 22q13.31 on the
minus strand from 44492570 to 44498125 nt on the GRCh38.p7 assembly of the
human genome. Aliases for the gene include LDOC1L, MAR6, MART6, and SIRH3.
RTL6 is made up of 2 exons and is encoded by 5556 base pairs of DNA .[2]
*** Origin
RTL6 is a retrotransposon GAG related gene. It is one of eleven MART
(Mammalian Retrotransposon Derived) genes in humans related to Sushi-like
retrotransposons with long terminal repeats from fish and amphibians.<ref
name=":1" /> Between 170 and 310 MYA, MART genes lost their ability to
retrotranspose and concomitantly gained new, beneficial function for its host
organism.[3]
** mRNA
RTL6 has an alternate start of transcription 140 base pairs upstream of the
normal transcribed region. The lengths of the primary mRNA and that with the
upstream start of transcription are 5355 and 5495 base pairs respectively.<ref
name=":0" />
** Protein
*** Primary information
The primary amino acid sequence for RTL6 is made up of 239 residues.<ref
name="entrez" /> There are no known alternative splice variants of the
protein. The molecular weight of the protein is 26.2 kDa and the isoelectric
point is 11.58.[4] RTL6 is a proline and arginine rich protein.<ref name=":4"
/>[[File:LDOC1L.jpg|thumb|I-TASSER predicted secondary and tertiary structures
for the RTL6 protein.[5][6][7][[File:LDOC1L
Stain.png|thumb|Immunohistochemical staining of human stomach shows strong
nuclear and cytoplasmic positivity in glandular cells.[8]]]]]
*** Domains and motifs
RTL6 contains a predicted leucine zipper motif known to participate in nucleic
acid binding in other proteins.<ref name=":4" /> RTL6 also contains a domain
of unknown function from amino acid residues 98-177 . RTL6 is one of a number
of genes belonging to the DUF4939 (domain of unknown function) superfamily.[9]
*** Secondary structure
The secondary structure of RTL6 is made up of largely alpha helices.[10] One
region of RTL6 is also predicted to participate in a coiled-coil structure
from amino acid residues 29–63.<ref name=":5" />
*** Post-translational modifications
There are also two predicted phosphorylation sites for Protein Kinase C with
high confidence scores at amino acid residues 6 and 45.[11][12] There is also
a predicted ubiquitination site with medium-confidence at amino acid residue
8.[13] left
*** Cellular sublocation
RTL6 is expected to be localized to the nucleus and cytosol based on the
presence of a leucine zipper domain, the absence of signals indicating
secretion or transmembrane domains, and immunohistochemical
staining.[14][15][16]
** Expression
RTL6 has been shown to be expressed at high levels during all stages of
development and in a wide variety of tissues.[17][18]<ref
name="proteinatlas.org"/>
RTL6 expression has been shown to fall in HeLa cervical cancer cells upon
treatment with chemotherapeutic Casiopeinas and in A549 lung cancer cells upon
treatment with Actinomycin D.[19][20]
** Interacting proteins
RTL6 has been shown to interact with the following proteins: {|
class="wikitable" | DDIT3 |DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein [21] |- |
NXF1 |Nuclear RNA export factor 1 [22] |- | STX18 |Syntaxin 18 [23] |- | MAFF
|MAF bZIP transcription factor F <ref name=":2" /> |- | GOPC |Golgi-associated
PDZ and coiled-coil motif-containing protein <ref name=":2" /> |- | BATF3
|Basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor ATF-like 3 <ref name=":2" /> |- |
TERF2 |Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2 [24] |- | UXAC |Uronate isomerase
(Yersinia pestis) [25] |}
** Clinical significance
The RTL6 protein has been shown to interact with the UXAC protein from
_Yersinia pestis_, the gram-negative bacterium responsible for the bubonic
plague.<ref name=":6" />
** Homology/evolution
*** Paralogs
Eleven paralogs were identified for RTL6 in humans. The paralogs have diverse
functions and expression patterns, although many are known to have zinc finger
domains and bind nucleic acids: {| class="wikitable sortable" !MART Family
Name !Accession Number !Sequence Length !Query Cover !Percent Similarity |-
|RTL1 [26] |NP_001128360.1 |1358 |100 |7.6 |- |PEG10 (RTL2) [27] |NP_055883.2
|359 |35 |35 |- |RTL3 [28] |NP_689907.1 |2648 |100 |2.2 |- |RTL4 [29]
|NP_001004308.2 |310 |100 |19 |- |RTL5 [30] |NP_001019626.1 |569 |37 |53 |-
|RTL6 <ref name="entrez" /> |NP_115663.2 |239 |NA |NA |- |LDOC1 (RTL7) [31]
|NP_036449.1 |146 |33 |41 |- |RTL8A [32] |NP_001071640.1 |113 |33 |44 |-
|RTL8B [33] |NP_001071641.1 |113 |33 |43 |- |RTL8C [34] |NP_001071639.1 |113
|33 |44 |- |RTL9 [35] |NP_065820.1 |1388 |22 |39 |- |RTL10 [36] |NP_078903.3
|364 |34 |35 |}
*** Orthologs
RTL6 is highly conserved across mammals, including the leucine zipper motif
and DUF4939. The gene is also conserved in marsupials such as the opossum but
not in birds such as the chicken, suggesting the gene was likely formed after
the divergence of mammals and birds but before the divergence of marsupials
and mammals (170-310 MYA:[37] {| class="wikitable" !Organism !Common Name
!Classification !Accession Number !Percent Identity !Query Cover !Percent
Similarity |- |Homo sapiens |Humans |Primate |NP_115663.2 <ref name="entrez"
/> |NA |NA |NA |- |Macaca mulatta |Rhesus Monkey |Primate |NP_001181372.1 [38]
|98 |100 |99 |- |Felis catus |House Cat |Carnivore |XP_003989415.1 [39] |97
|100 |98 |- |Mus muscalus |Common Mouse |Rodent |NP_808298.2 [40] |92 |100 |96
|- |Pteropus alecto |Black Flying Fox |Bat |XP_006917396.1 [41] |96 |100 |98
|- |Equus caballus |Horse |Odd-Toed Ungulates |XP_005606827.1 [42] |95 |100
|98 |- |Bos Taurus |Cattle |Even-Toed Ungulates |XP_015326927.1 [43] |94 |100
|97 |- |Orcinus orca |Killer Whale |Whales/Dolphins |XP_004279624.1 [44] |95
|100 |98 |- |Trichechus manatus latirostirs |Florida Manatee |Placentals
|XP_004380056.1 [45] |95 |100 |96 |- |Erinaceus europaeus |European Hedgehog
|Rabbits/Hares |XP_016043235.1 [46] |93 |100 |96 |- |Ochotona princeps
|American Pika |Insectivoires |XP_004589491.1 [47] |92 |100 |97 |} The most
distantly detectable organisms with homology in the gene are bony fishes
including salmon and the common carp, but similarity to the human protein
sequence is markedly less than that of mammals. No traces of the gene can be
seen in intermediates between mammals and bony fishes such as reptiles or
amphibians: {| class="wikitable" !Organism !Common Name !Classification
!Accession Number !Percent Identity !Query Cover !Percent Similarity |- |Homo
sapiens |Humans |Primate |NP_115663.2 <ref name="entrez" /> |100 |100 |100 |-
|Cyprinus carpio |Common Carp |Bony Fishes |XP_018946777 [48] |30 |41 |34 |-
|Esox lucius |Northern Pike |Bony Fishes |XP_019899574.1 [49] |31 |55 |31 |-
|Nothobranchius furzeri |Black Rockcod |Bony Fishes |XP_010767110 [50] |37 |35
|39 |}
** References
[Reflist]
Category:Human proteins