From en.wikipedia.org:
[the city] {{Infobox settlement | name = Puning | native_name = [[zh-hans]] /
[[zh-hant]] | settlement_type = County-level & Sub-prefectural city |
image_skyline = Skyline of Urban of Puning in Jan 2011.jpg | image_map =
Location of Puning within Guangdong China.svg | map_caption = Location of
Puning within Guangdong | pushpin_map = China Guangdong | pushpin_map_caption
= Location of the city center in Guangdong | coordinates = [23.298] |
subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = People's Republic of China |
subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = Guangdong |
subdivision_type2 = Prefecture-level city | subdivision_name2 = Jieyang |
area_total_km2 = 1620 | elevation_m = 10.5 | population_total = 1,998,619 |
population_as_of = 2020 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = China
Standard | utc_offset = +8 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code =
5153** | area_code = (0)663 | area_code_type = Area code | blank_name =
Licence plates | blank_info = [zh-cn] (Yuè V) | website =
[http://www.puning.gov.cn/pngov/web/index.action] }} PUNING ([c=]; Teochew:
Pou2 leng5), officially PUNING CITY, is a county-level city located in Eastern
Guangdong, China, under the administration of the city, Jieyang.
Nevertheless, its administrative power in economic matters is comparable to
that of prefecture-level cities.[1] Puning is geographically situated on the
west rim of Chaoshan Plain, leaning against the stretching branch of the
Lianhua Mountains at its southwest border, and 90 percent of its territory
sits on the south of the Tropic of Cancer. The city has a population of
2.5089 million under its household registration system _hukou_,<ref
name=2020gonggao
group="ref">[url=http://www.puning.gov.cn/attachment/0/93/93858/543698.pdf]
marking the largest in all county-level cities in China.[2] Puning's downtown
residents amount to 581,900, behind Yiwu,[3] while the entire city's resident
population of 1.9986 million is second to cities Kunshan and Jinjiang.[4] It
is concurrently the ancestral hometown of 1.95 million overseas Chinese people
and 1.4 million 'returned overseas Chinese people' (overseas Chinese who
'returned' to China and/or regained Chinese citizenship) and family members of
the overseas Chinese people.
Puning, having been a key trade hub in eastern Guangdong, was upgraded from
county to city status in 1993.[5] It is one of the first 'Chinese textile
cities'[6] and where the project 'Chinese TCM Cities' was first launched.[7]
Textile and apparel and medicine industries are local pillars,<ref name=zz
group="ref">[language=zh-hant] topping or coming second in Guangdong county
economies since 2003. It also entered the list of the _One Hundred Best
Counties and Cities for Health Industry_ in 2020 by _Xiaokang_ series of
_Qiushi_ magazine.[8]
Historically, Puning was one of the eight counties of Chaoshan. In the
mid-1900s, the Hakka region, which was historically part of the Huizhou
Prefecture, was incorporated into Puning's territory. Subsequently, the city
also welcomed back 'returned overseas Chinese' and 'family members of overseas
Chinese' due to the political situation in Southeast Asia. The cultures of
the various clans formed the multilingual, multicultural landscape of Puning,
where customs and traditions differ across the towns and villages. It is
recognised as a Chinese Folk Culture Art Village by the Ministry of Culture,
China.
** Etymology
'Puning' is the pinyin transliteration of the city in Standard Chinese, also
known as Mandarin or _putonghua_. It is also known as 'POU LENG', POH LENG,
or PHO LENG in the Chaoshan language, also known as Chaoshan Min or Swatow
dialect . It was named after the historical county of the same name, which
dates back to the Ming dynasty of China. According to _Puning Xian Zhilue (A
Brief Account of Puning County)_, _Guangdong Tongzhi (Comprehensive Records of
Guangdong)_, _Ming Shi ( History of Ming ),_[9] and _Chao Zhong Zaji
(Miscellaneous Accounts of Chaozhou)_,<ref name=orig group="ref">[明]
郭子章:《潮中杂纪》卷1《郡县释名》 the name 'Puning' was given in 1563, after the phrase
_pubian ningmi_, meaning universally serene. Versions mentioned the county's
original name as Pu'an<ref name=puan group="ref">[清] 乾隆《大清一统志》广东卷 or Anpu,<ref
name=anpu group="ref">[清] 顾祖禹:《读史方舆纪要》卷103《广东四·潮州府》 but this was refuted by an
inscription on the external walls of a Lords of the Three Mountains temple in
Guiyu, Chaoyang, discovered in 1986.[10]
In 1949, the seat of Puning County was administered as Puning City. The
City's territory was split in 1950. In 1993, Puning County upgraded to become
Puning City, while the original 'Puning City' became its city centre.
** Economy
At the beginning of reform and opening up, Puning vigorously developed the
commercial circulation industry while connecting with the international
labor-intensive industrial transfer. In 1991, the purchase and sale of
commodities had covered all provinces in mainland China except Tibet, which
enabled the local economy to develop rapidly in the 1990s. Puning's local
state-owned enterprises have been successively established as 11 enterprise
groups, including supply and marketing, Baoning, Commercial, Hengda, Zhenning,
Yongfa, Jiake, Lanhua, Jiechang, Songshang, and Jinye, and began to operate
across regions and industries. At the same time, they withdrew from the main
channels of local purchase and sale. State-owned industries in the
telecommunications, financial and other industries have also been restructured
into local branches. At the same time, the private economy has also rapidly
emerged, and national brands such as Liby and Kangmei have emerged one after
another.
The GDP of Puning in 2020 was RMB 61.358 billion, and the proportion of the
three industrial structures was 7.1%:33.2%:59.7%.[11]
** History
*** Before its founding
The habitation of humans in the territory of Puning dates back to the New
Stone Age, evident in archaeological findings, such as the Hutou Pu Old Kilns
Site (虎头埔古窑址) in Mianyuan Village, Guangtai Town, discovered in 1982. The
tomb of a Sinicised Baiyue person, discovered in Songbaiwei Village, Lihu
Town, illustrates that by the end of the Eastern Han period, Central Plains
(Zhongyuan) culture had been introduced into Puning.[12]
During the Pre-Qin era, the succeeding political regimes on Zhongyuan did not
have any _de facto_ administration of Puning and its surrounding regions. It
was incorporated into Zhongyuan territories during the Qin and Han dynasties,
but there had never been any clear administrative borders in the regions.
*** Ming and Qing
[date=February 2023]
In 1558, Zhang Lian started a rebellion in Raoping and Dabu of eastern
Chaozhou (Teochew) Prefecture and subsequently declared himself Emperor of the
Feilong Empire. It was suppressed by the Ming Government in 1562.
*** Republic of China
In the 1860s, many Southern Chinese were caught up in the various Internal
conflicts and later in the Foreign conflicts. Later, many Families ended up
in Hawaii, the Philippines, Hong Kong and even in Thailand and Cambodia. Some
of the educated classes married into Japanese Society. Other fled seeking
Gold in USA and Australia and others became Traders across Asia.
**** Beijing Government
***** Xinhai Revolution and Constitutional Protection War
In October 1911, the National Revolution Army (NRA) started a rebellion in
Wuchang, while Fang Cishi (1887–1915) of the _Tongmenghui_ dispatched troops
in Puning. Guangdong declared its independence from the Qing Empire the
following month and abolished the Chaozhou Prefecture, rendering counties such
as Puning under the control of the Governor of Guangdong. Liu Renchen from
the _Tongmenghui_ also led his troops into Puning's city area. As a result,
there were 13 different rival commanding officers in the Chaoshan region, all
from different factions of the NRA. Meanwhile, influential figures in the
county Puning supported Fang Zhiting as the county chief,<ref name=minguo
group="ref">十兄、一士：《民国普宁县署轶事》，1990年 while Zhao Diyun was, on the other hand,
appointed Chief of Civil Affairs by Fang Cishi under the name of the Chaoshan
Military Government. However, Zhao's appointment was short-lived as he was
hindered by local officials and influential figures.<ref name=minguo
group="ref">十兄、一士：《民国普宁县署轶事》，1990年 In April 1912, the Deputy Governor of
Guangdong, Chen Jiongming, sent his trusted aide, Chen Juemin, as the Civil
Affairs Chief. The administrative division of Chaodun Circuit was established
in 1914 and Puning was drawn into it; the Circuit was abolished in 1920.
In 1917, Duan Qirui led his troops to attack southern China after he abolished
the _Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China_, while Sun Yat-sen
established the Constitutional Protection Junta in Guangzhou, sparking the
Constitutional Protection Movement. Both armies fought outside the city walls
of Puning, in the villages of Wuli and Minggang.<ref name=88xz
group="ref">1988年版《普宁县志》，普宁市地方志编纂委员会编，广东人民出版社，1995年7月 On 25 May 1921, Puning
was brought under the control of Chen Jiongming's forces once again.
***** National Revolution
On 12 March 1925, Chiang Kai-shek, He Yingqin, and Zhou Enlai led the National
Revolutionary Army (NRA) to defeat Chen's forces in Lihu of eastern Puning.
On 2 November 1925, the NRA arrived in the city area of Puning, and Zhou made
speeches there to raise funds for the army. On the same year, the Government
of the Republic of China in Guangzhou announced that the Chaozhou (Teochew)
and Meizhou regions came under the rule of the Chinese Nationalist Party
(_Kuomintang_; KMT). Fang Zhiting was appointed the chief of Puning while
Fang Zhanying became the acting Prosecutor.
The Puning Farmers' Association established the Farmers' Free City under the
Peifeng Tower located in the suburb in February 1926, and founded the Farmers'
Self-Defence Army in December of the same year, attacking the city twice.
The Shanghai massacre in April 1927 had a repercussion on the county of
Puning. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Puning branch joined forces with
left-wing KMT members to stage an armed riot on 23 April, and subsequently set
up the first county-level revolutionary regime led by the CCP through armed
conflict three days later at the Chen (Tan) clan ancestral shrine in Jiujiang,
Daba. The CCP declared war against Chiang Kai-shek in a public address to the
Chinese nation.<ref name=dang group="ref">《中共普宁党史》中共党史出版社，1994年 However, the
Farmers' Free City regime and the CCP's Provisional People's Government regime
ceased their activities as they lost their battle to the KMT.
**** Nanjing Government
***** Civil war and infrastructure development
In October 1927, the Nanchang Uprising forces retreated to Liusha and
conducted a military conference in Liusha Christian Church on 3 October. The
uprising forces were attacked and defeated by Chen Jitang's forces.
In 1928, Peng Pai led the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army
into Puning and met up with remnant forces of the Nanchang Uprising, to
discuss setting up a revolutionary base in the Dananshan Mountain area.
***** War against Japanese Army
[date=March 2024]
***** Resumption of civil war and communist takeover
[date=March 2024]
*** People's Republic of China
[date=March 2024]
** Geography
*** Climate
{{Weather box|width=auto |metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y
|location = Puning, elevation [69], (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
|Jan high C = 19.2 |Feb high C = 20.0 |Mar high C = 22.2 |Apr high C = 26.1
|May high C = 29.2 |Jun high C = 31.5 |Jul high C = 33.1 |Aug high C = 32.9
|Sep high C = 31.5 |Oct high C = 28.8 |Nov high C = 25.3 |Dec high C = 21.0
|Jan mean C = 14.5 |Feb mean C = 15.4 |Mar mean C = 17.8 |Apr mean C = 21.8
|May mean C = 25.1 |Jun mean C = 27.6 |Jul mean C = 28.7 |Aug mean C = 28.4
|Sep mean C = 27.3 |Oct mean C = 24.4 |Nov mean C = 20.7 |Dec mean C = 16.3
|Jan low C = 11.4 |Feb low C = 12.4 |Mar low C = 14.8 |Apr low C = 18.7 |May
low C = 22.3 |Jun low C = 24.8 |Jul low C = 25.6 |Aug low C = 25.4 |Sep low C
= 24.3 |Oct low C = 21.3 |Nov low C = 17.3 |Dec low C = 13.0 |Jan record high
C = 29.3 |Jan record low C = 0.4 |Feb record high C = 31.5 |Feb record low C =
4.8 |Mar record high C = 32.0 |Mar record low C = 5.0 |Apr record high C =
34.0 |Apr record low C = 11.6 |May record high C = 35.4 |May record low C =
15.9 |Jun record high C = 37.6 |Jun record low C = 17.6 |Jul record high C =
38.1 |Jul record low C = 22.6 |Aug record high C = 37.4 |Aug record low C =
22.8 |Sep record high C = 37.2 |Sep record low C = 19.9 |Oct record high C =
34.5 |Oct record low C = 11.9 |Nov record high C = 33.0 |Nov record low C =
6.5 |Dec record high C = 29.5 |Dec record low C = 0.7 |year high C= |year low
C= |year high F = |year low F = |precipitation colour = green |Jan
precipitation mm = 46.4 |Feb precipitation mm = 54.5 |Mar precipitation mm =
104.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 186.8 |May precipitation mm = 274.5 |Jun
precipitation mm = 378.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 329.8 |Aug precipitation mm =
361.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 215.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 52.1 |Nov
precipitation mm = 43.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 47.2 |Jan humidity = 74 |Feb
humidity = 77 |Mar humidity = 78 |Apr humidity = 79 |May humidity = 81 |Jun
humidity = 83 |Jul humidity = 80 |Aug humidity = 81 |Sep humidity = 78 |Oct
humidity = 73 |Nov humidity = 74 |Dec humidity = 72 |unit precipitation days =
0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 6.8 |Feb precipitation days = 10.1 |Mar
precipitation days = 12.5 |Apr precipitation days = 13.6 |May precipitation
days = 16.8 |Jun precipitation days = 19.2 |Jul precipitation days = 16.6 |Aug
precipitation days = 17.3 |Sep precipitation days = 12.0 |Oct precipitation
days = 4.8 |Nov precipitation days = 4.9 |Dec precipitation days = 5.8 |year
precipitation days = |Jan sun = 159.4 |Feb sun = 119.3 |Mar sun = 115.9 |Apr
sun = 135.4 |May sun = 166.2 |Jun sun = 187.9 |Jul sun = 246.7 |Aug sun =
224.0 |Sep sun = 211.5 |Oct sun = 215.6 |Nov sun = 187.3 |Dec sun = 171.5
|year sun = | Jan percentsun = 47 | Feb percentsun = 37 | Mar percentsun = 31
| Apr percentsun = 36 | May percentsun = 40 | Jun percentsun = 46 | Jul
percentsun = 60 | Aug percentsun = 56 | Sep percentsun = 58 | Oct percentsun =
60 | Nov percentsun = 57 | Dec percentsun = 52 | year percentsun = |source 1 =
China Meteorological Administration[13][14] }}
** Politics and administration
[date=March 2024]
** Administrative divisions
[date=March 2024]
** Economy
[date=March 2024]
** Demographics
[date=March 2024]
** Education
[date=March 2024]
** Culture
[date=March 2024]
*** Cuisine
[date=March 2024]
*** Architecture
[date=March 2024]
*** Literature
[date=March 2024]
*** Festivals
[date=March 2024]
*** Sports
[date=March 2024]
** Transport
The Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway stops at Puning railway station along the
high-speed Coastal Corridor.
** Attractions
[date=March 2024]
** Notable people from Puning
- Cai Cheng - Chinese politician
- Ke Hua - Chinese politician , diplomat , and father of Ke Lingling
- Ke Lingling - former wife of Xi Jinping and daughter of Ke Hua
- Chuang Shih-ping - Chinese-born Hong Kong businessman
- Chan Tung - Chinese-born Hong Kong celebrity chef and TV host
- Chen Xinren - Chinese diplomat
- Zheng Zeguang - current Chinese Ambassador to the United Kingdom
- Zhou Zhenhong - Chinese politician
- Fang Zong'ao - Chinese scholar , economist , jurist , law professor , and economics professor
** Sister cities
As of May 2013, Puning established friendly relations with seven other cities
in mainland China. {|class="wikitable" border="1" !Country!!Province!!Sister
City!!Friendship forged |- |rowspan=7
align=center|[PRC]||align=center|Zhejiang||align=center|Yueqing||align=left|8
October 1996 |- |align=center|Liaoning||align=center|Haicheng||align=left|25
March 1993 |- |align=center|Jiangsu||align=center|Jiangyin||align=left|23
December 1992 |- |align=center|Hubei||align=center|Qianjiang||align=left|28
August 1993 |- |align=center|Jilin||align=center|Ji'an||align=left|1 May 1997
|- |align=center|Sichuan||align=center|Langzhong||align=left|9 December
2010[15] |- |align=center|Zhejiang||align=center|Yiwu||align=left|13 May
2013[16] |}
** Notes
[group="note"]
** References
[group="ref"]
[reflist]
{{Navboxes |list = [County-level divisions of Guangdong] [Most populous cities
in Guangdong] }} [Authority control]
[date=April 2020]
Category:County-level cities in Guangdong Category:Jieyang