From en.wikipedia.org:
[Species of cherry tree] [Amarelle] [Sour cherry] {{Speciesbox |image =
Koeh-113.jpg |image_caption = 1897 illustration[1] |genus = Prunus |parent =
Prunus subg. Cerasus |species = cerasus |authority = L. 1753 |synonyms =
{{Collapsible list |{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
- _Cerasus acida_ <small> (Ehrh.) Borkh. </small>
- _Cerasus austera_ <small> (L.) Borkh. </small>
- _Cerasus austera_ <small> (L.) M.Roem. </small>
- _Cerasus collina_ <small> Lej. & Courtois </small>
- _Cerasus fruticosa_ <small> Pall. </small>
- _Cerasus vulgaris_ <small> Mill. </small>
- _Druparia cerasus_ <small> (L.) Clairv. </small>
- _Prunus acida_ <small> Ehrh. </small>
- _Prunus aestiva_ <small> Salisb. </small>
- _Prunus austera_ <small> (L.) Ehrh. </small>
- _Prunus caproniana_ <small> (L.) Gaudin </small>
- _Prunus recta_ <small> (Liegel) K.Koch </small>
- _Prunus semperflorens_ <small> Ehrh. </small>
}}
}}
|synonyms_ref = [2]
}}
_PRUNUS CERASUS_ ( SOUR CHERRY,[3] TART CHERRY, or DWARF CHERRY)<ref
name=BSBI07>[access-date=2014-10-17] is an Old World species of _Prunus_ in
the subgenus _Cerasus_ (cherries). It has two main groups of cultivars: the
dark-red Morello cherry and the lighter-red AMARELLE CHERRY. The sour pulp is
edible.
** Description
The tree is smaller than the sweet cherry (growing to a height of 4–10 m), has
twiggy branches, and its crimson-to-near-black cherries are borne upon shorter
stalks.
It is closely related to the sweet cherry (_Prunus avium_), but has a fruit
that is more acidic.
Its fruit persists for an average of 17.4 days, and always bears 1 seed per
fruit. Fruits average 84.9% water, and their dry weight includes 39.7%
carbohydrates and 1.0% lipids.[Ehrlén]
** Taxonomy
_Prunus cerasus_, a tetraploid with 2n=32 chromosomes, is thought to have
originated as a natural hybrid between _Prunus avium_ and _Prunus fruticosa_
in the Iranian Plateau or Eastern Europe where the two species come into
contact. _Prunus fruticosa_ is believed to have provided its smaller size and
sour tasting fruit. The hybrids then stabilized and interbred to form a new,
distinct species.[4]
There are two main varieties (groups of cultivars) of the sour cherry: the
dark-red Morello cherry and the lighter-red Amarelle cherry.[5]
** Distribution and habitat
It is distributed in much of Europe, North Africa and West Asia. There are
likely no truly wild occurrences. However, particularly the subspecies
_acida_ easily escapes cultivation and is naturalized throughout the growing
area.[6]
** Cultivation
Cultivated sour cherries were selected from wild specimens of _Prunus cerasus_
from around the Caspian and Black Seas,<ref name="Quero-García et al 2019"/>
and were known to the Greeks in 300 BC. They were also used by Persians and
the Romans who introduced them into Britain long before the 1st century
AD.[date=November 2022]
In England, their cultivation was popularized in the 16th century in the time
of Henry VIII. They became a common crop amongst Kentish growers, and by 1640
over two dozen named cultivars were recorded.[date=December 2023]
Before the Second World War there were more than fifty cultivars of sour
cherry in cultivation in England; today, however, few are grown commercially,
and despite the continuation of named cultivars such as 'Kentish Red',
'Amarelles', 'Griottes' and 'Flemish', only the generic Morello is offered by
most nurseries. This is a late-flowering variety, and thus misses more frosts
than its sweet counterpart and is therefore a more reliable cropper. The
Morello cherry ripens in mid to late summer, toward the end of August in
southern England. It is self-fertile, and would be a good pollenizer for
other varieties if it did not flower so late in the season.[date=December
2023]
Sour cherries require similar cultivation conditions to pears, that is, they
prefer a rich, well-drained, moist soil, although they demand more nitrogen
and water than sweet cherries. Trees will do badly if waterlogged, but have
greater tolerance of poor drainage than sweet varieties. As with sweet
cherries, Morellos are traditionally cultivated by budding onto strong growing
rootstocks, which produce trees too large for most gardens, although newer
dwarfing rootstocks such as _Colt_ and _Gisella_ are now available. During
spring, flowers should be protected, and trees weeded, mulched and sprayed
with natural seaweed solution. This is also the time when any required
pruning should be carried out (note that cherries should not be pruned during
the dormant winter months). Morello cherry trees fruit on younger wood than
sweet varieties, and thus can be pruned harder. They are usually grown as
standards, but can be fan trained, cropping well even on cold walls, or grown
as low bushes.<ref name="msu"/>
Sour cherries suffer fewer pests and diseases than sweet cherries, although
they are prone to heavy fruit losses from birds. In summer, fruit should be
protected with netting. When harvesting fruit, they should be cut from the
tree rather than risking damage by pulling the stalks.[date=December 2023]
Unlike most sweet cherry varieties, sour cherries are self-fertile or
self-pollenizing<!-- Not 'self-pollinating' -->. Two implications of this are
that seeds generally run true to the cultivar, and that much smaller
pollinator populations are needed because pollen only has to be moved within
individual flowers. In areas where pollinators are scarce, growers find that
stocking beehives in orchards improves yields.[7]
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; 13em; text-align:center;" |+ Sour
cherry production<br /><small>2022, in tonnes[8]<br /></small> |- |[RUS]
||297,200 |- |[POL] ||183,800 |- |[UKR] ||180,240 |- |[TUR] ||176,770 |-
|[SRB] ||164,446 |- |[IRN] ||134,055 |- |[USA] ||110,770 |- | WORLD ||
1,593,025 |}
** Production
In 2022, world production of sour cherries was 1.6 million tonnes, led by
Russia with 19% of the total. Other major producers were Poland, Ukraine, and
Turkey.
** Uses
*** Culinary
The sour pulp is edible.[9] Dried sour cherries are used in cooking including
soups, pork dishes, cakes, tarts, and pies. They are also used to make a
jam/fruit spread.[10]
Sour cherries are particularly common in Turkey, especially in the form of
_vişne suyu_ (sour cherry nectar), a widely consumed beverage, and _vişne
reçeli_ (sour cherry jam), often eaten as part of a traditional breakfast or
mixed into plain yoghurt.[date=December 2023]
Sour cherries or sour cherry syrup are used in liqueurs and drinks, such as
the Romanian vișinată or the Portuguese ginjinha. In Iran, Turkey, Greece and
Cyprus, sour cherries are prized for making spoon sweets by slowly boiling
pitted sour cherries and sugar; the syrup thereof is used for _sharbat-e
Albalou_, _vişne şurubu_ or _vyssináda_, a beverage made by diluting the syrup
with ice-cold water. A particular use of sour cherries is in the production
of kriek lambic, a cherry-flavored variety of a naturally fermented beer made
in Belgium.[11][12] In Germany and Austria, sour cherries are used for
desserts such as the donauwelle.
** Gallery
<gallery> File:SourcherryYield.png|Worldwide sour cherry production, 2024
File:Ripe sour cherries on a branch.jpg|Ripe sour cherries, Hungary File:Black
Che.jpg|Ripe sour cherries and their leaves, Iran File:Owoce Wiśnia.jpg|Sour
cherries File:Kriek Beer 1.jpg|Kriek lambic is infused with sour cherries.
</gallery>
** Cultivars
Some notable cultivars are:
- Morello
- Ostheim cherry
- Stevnsbær
- Pándy meggy
- Amarena cherry ( _Prunus cerasus_ var. _amarena_ )
- Marasca cherry ( _Prunus cerasus_ var. _marasca_ )
- Griotte de Kleparow
- Balaton cherry
- Montmorency cherry
- North Star cherry , a dwarf variety
For commercial production, "Morello" is the main cultivar grown in Central
Europe, while the "Montmorency" variety is the most common in the US.[13]
Kütahya is the most important in Turkey, Oblačinska in Serbia.
** See also
- Fruit tree propagation
- Ginjinha , a Portuguese liqueur made from sour cherries
- Kirsch
- Kriek , a traditional Belgian beer made with sour cherries
- Pruning fruit trees
- Sour cherry soup
- _Syzygium corynanthum_ , an Australian rainforest tree also known as the sour cherry
- Vișinată , a Romanian liqueur made with sour cherries ( _vișina_ in Romanian)
** References
[Reflist]
** Bibliography
- [date=1991 ]
** External links
[commons category]
- [Prunus cerasus]
- [Prunus cerasus austera]
- [Prunus cerasus caproniana]
- [Prunus cerasus frutescens]
- [Prunus cerasus marasca]
[Cherries]
[from=Q131517] [Authority control]
Category:Cherries Category:Flora of Europe Category:Flora of Western Asia
Category:Flora of the Caucasus Category:Plants described in 1753 cerasus
Category:Sour cherries Sour cherry ( _Prunus cerasus_ ) Category:Fruit trees
Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus