From en.wikipedia.org:
[Bird in family Phasianidae] [the animal] [Peasant] [date=August 2020]
{{Paraphyletic group | auto = yes | image = Pheasant.jpg | image_caption =
Mongolian ringneck-type<br />common pheasant Male | parent = Phasianidae |
includes = *_Argusianus_
- _Catreus_
- _Chrysolophus_
- _Crossoptilon_
- _Ithaginis_
- _Lophura_
- _Phasianus_
- _Polyplectron_
- _Pucrasia_
- _Rheinardia_
- _Syrmaticus_
| excludes = *Rollulinae
- Lerwini
- Lophophorini
- Meleagridini
- Tetraonini
- Rhizotherini
- _Perdix_
- Coturnicini
- Gallini
- Pavonina
- _Galloperdix_
- _Haematortyx_
- _Tropicoperdix_
}} PHEASANTS ([ˈ] [FEH]) are birds of several genera within the family
Phasianidae in the order Galliformes. Although they can be found all over the
world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera's native
range is restricted to Eurasia. The classification "pheasant" is
paraphyletic, as birds referred to as pheasants are included within both the
subfamilies Phasianinae and Pavoninae, and in many cases are more closely
related to smaller phasianids, grouse, and turkey (formerly classified in
Perdicinae, Tetraoninae, and Meleagridinae) than to other pheasants.[1]
Pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly
decorated with bright colours and adornments such as wattles. Males are
usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in
rearing the young.
A pheasant's call or cry can be recognised by the fact it sounds like a rusty
sink or valve being turned.
Pheasants eat mostly seeds, grains, roots, and berries, while in the summer
they take advantage of insects, fresh green shoots, spiders, earthworms, and
snails. However, as an introduced species, in the UK they are a threat to
endangered native adders.[2][date=March 2023]
The best-known is the common pheasant, which is widespread throughout the
world, in introduced feral populations and in farm operations. Various other
pheasant species are popular in aviaries, such as the golden pheasant
(_Chrysolophus pictus_).
** Etymology
According to the _Oxford English Dictionary_, the word "pheasant" ultimately
comes from Phasis, the ancient name of what is now called the Rioni River in
Georgia. It passed from Greek to Latin to French (spelled with an initial
"f") then to English, appearing for the first time in English around 1299.[3]
** Species in taxonomic order
This list is ordered to show presumed relationships between species.
- Subfamily Phasianinae
- Tribe Ithaginini
- Blood pheasant (genus _Ithaginis_ )
- Blood pheasant ( _I. cruentus_ )
- Tribe Pucrasiini
- Koklass (genus _Pucrasia_ )
- Koklass pheasant ( _P. macrolopha_ )
- Tribe Phasianini
- Long-tailed pheasants (genus _Syrmaticus_ )
- Reeves's pheasant ( _S. reevesi_ )
- Elliot's pheasant ( _S. ellioti_ )
- Mrs. Hume's pheasant ( _S. humiae_ )
- Mikado pheasant ( _S. mikado_ )
- Copper pheasant ( _S. soemmerringi_ )
- Ruffed pheasants (genus _Chrysolophus_ )
- Golden pheasant ( _C. pictus_ )
- Lady Amherst's pheasant ( _C. amherstiae_ )
- Typical pheasants (genus _Phasianus_ )
- Green pheasant ( _P. versicolor_ )
- Common pheasant ( _P. colchicus_ )
- Caucasus pheasants, _Phasianus colchicus colchicus_ group
- White-winged pheasants, _Phasianus colchicus chrysomelas/principalis_ group
- Prince of Wales pheasant, _Phasianus colchicus principalis_
- Mongolian ring-necked pheasants or white-winged ring-necked pheasants, _Phasianus colchicus mongolicus_ group
- Tarim pheasants, _Phasianus colchicus tarimensis_ group
- Chinese ring-necked pheasants, _Phasianus colchicus torquatus_ group
- Taiwan pheasant, _Phasianus colchicus formosanus_
- Cheer pheasant (genus _Catreus_ )
- Cheer pheasant ( _C. wallichi_ )
- Gallopheasants (genus _Lophura_ )
- Kalij pheasant ( _L. leucomelanos_ )
- White-crested kalij pheasant ( _L. l. hamiltoni_ )
- Nepal kalij pheasant ( _L. l. leucomelanos_ )
- Black-backed kalij pheasant ( _L. l. melanota_ )
- Black kalij pheasant ( _L. l. moffitti_ )
- Black-breasted kalij pheasant ( _L. l. lathami_ )
- William's kalij pheasant ( _L. l. williamsi_ )
- Oates' kalij pheasant ( _L. l. oatesi_ )
- Crawfurd's kalij pheasant ( _L. l. crawfurdi_ )
- Lineated kalij pheasant ( _L. l. lineata_ )
- Silver pheasant ( _L. nycthemera_ )
<!-- ***(_L. n. nycthemera_)
- (_L. n. lewisi_ )
- (_L. n. annamensis_ )
- (_L. n. engelbachi_ )
- (_L. n. beli_ )
- (_L. n. berliozi_ )
- (_L. n. rufripes_ )
- (_L. n. ripponi_ )
- (_L. n. occidentalis_ )
- (_L. n. beaulieui_ )
- (_L. n. fokiensis_ )
- (_L. n. whiteheadi_ )
- (_L. n. omeiensis_ )
- (_L. n. rongjiangensis_ ) [ intraspecific taxonomy is shaky at best ] -->
- Imperial pheasant ( _L. imperialis_ )
- Edwards's pheasant ( _L. edwardsi_ )
- Vietnamese pheasant ( _L. hatinhensis_ )
- Swinhoe's pheasant ( _L. swinhoii_ )
- Salvadori's pheasant ( _L. inornata_ )
- Hoogerwerf's pheasant ( _L. i. hoogerwerfi)_
- Malayan crestless fireback ( _L. erythrophthalma_ )
- Bornean crestless fireback ( _L. pyronota_ )
- Bornean crested fireback ( _L. ignita_ )
- Lesser Bornean crested fireback ( _L. i. ignita_ )
- Greater Bornean crested fireback ( _L. i. nobilis_ )
- Malayan crested fireback ( _L. rufa_ )
- Siamese fireback ( _L. diardi_ )
- Bulwer's pheasant ( _L. bulweri_ )
- Eared pheasants (genus _Crossoptilon_ )
- White eared pheasant ( _C. crossoptilon_ )
- Tibetan eared pheasant ( _C. harmani_ )
- Brown eared pheasant ( _C. mantchuricum_ )
- Blue eared pheasant ( _C. auritum_ )
- Subfamily Pavoninae
- Tribe Pavonini
- Crested argus (genus _Rheinardia_ )
- Vietnamese crested argus ( _R. ocellata_ )
- Malayan crested argus ( _R. nigrescens_ )
- Great argus (genus _Argusianus_ )
- Great argus ( _A. argus_ )
- Tribe Polyprectronini
- Peacock-pheasants (genus _Polyplectron_ )
- Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant ( _P. chalcurum_ )
- Mountain peacock-pheasant ( _P. inopinatum_ )
- Germain's peacock-pheasant ( _P. germaini_ )
- Grey peacock-pheasant ( _P. bicalcaratum_
- Hainan peacock-pheasant ( _Polyplectron katsumatae_ )
- Malayan peacock-pheasant ( _P. malacense_ )
- Bornean peacock-pheasant ( _P. schleiermacheri_ )
- Palawan peacock-pheasant ( _P. emphanum_ )
*** Previous classifications [Euplocamus]
_Euplocamus_ and _Gennceus_ are older names more or less corresponding to the
current _Lophura_.
- _Euplocamus_ was used, for example, by Hume and Marshall in their _Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon_ (1879–1881).
- _Gennceus_ , was used, for example, by Frank Finn in _Indian Sporting Birds (see https://archive.org/stream/indiansportingbi00finn/indiansportingbi00finn_djvu.txt) _ (1915) and Game Birds of India and Asia (see https://archive.org/stream/cu31924016412631/cu31924016412631_djvu.txt) (1911?).
These old genera were used for: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Vernacular ! Hume &
Marshall ! Finn: Sporting Birds ! Finn: Game Birds ! Contemporary |- |
Vieillot's crested fireback || _E. vielloti_ || _Lophura rufa_ (sic) || ||
_L. ignita rufa_ |- | Black-backed kalij || _E. melanonotus_ || _G.
melanonotus_ || || _L. leucomelanos melanota_ |- | Common or white-crested
kalij || _E. albocristatus_|| _G. albocristatus_ || || _L. leucomelanos
hamiltoni_ |- | Nepal kalij || _E. leucomelanus_ || _G. leucomelanus_ || ||
_L. leucomelanos leucomelanos_ |- | Purple, Horsfield's or black-breasted
kalij || _E. horsfieldi_ || _G. horsfieldi_ || || _L. leucomelanos lathami_
|- | Lineated kalij || _E. lineatus_ || _G. lineatus_ also: Burmese silver
pheasant || || _L. leucomelanos lineata_ |- | Anderson's silver pheasant || ?
|| _G. andersoni_, considered hybrid of _L. nycthemera_ and _L. l.
lineata_ || || _L. nycthemera andersoni_ (invalid) |- | Crawfurd's silver
pheasant (or Crawford's? <!-- scanned Finn Sporting Birds says "Crawford" -->)
|| _E. andersoni_ || considered a further cross of Anderson's and _L. l.
lineata_ || || ? |- | Crawfurd's kalij (same as C.'s silver pheasant?) || ? ||
|| _G. andersoni_ || _L. leucomelanos crawfurdi_ <!-- considered the same as
Anderson's? and what is Crawfurd's Kalij, then? --> |- | Cuvier's kalij || ?
|| || _G. cuvieri_ || ? |- | Oates's kalij || ? || || _G. oatesi_ || _L.
leucomelanos oatesi_ |- | Whitehead's silver pheasant || ? || || _G.
whiteheadi_ || ? |- | Swinhoe's kalij || ? || || _G. swinhoii_ || _L.
swinhoii_ |}
** References
[Reflist]
** Bibliography
- Beebe, William . 1918-22. _A Monograph of the Pheasants._ 1st edition in 4 volumes: H. F. Witherby, London. Reprint: 1990, Dover Publications.(4 volumes bound as 2). [0-486-26579-X] and [0-486-26580-3] . Republished as: _Pheasants: Their Lives and Homes_ . 2 vols. 1926. Single volume edition: New York Zoological Society , 1936.)
- Green-Armytage, Stephen . 2002. _Extraordinary Pheasants._ Harry N. Abrams, Inc. , New York. Book [0-8109-1007-1] .
- Madge and McGowan, _Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse_ [0-7136-3966-0]
** External links
- Videos of pheasants (see http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/pheasants-partridges-phasianidae) in the Internet Bird Collection
[state=expanded]
Category:Phasianidae Category:Bird common names