From en.wikipedia.org:
[Publication that is typically distributed at a regular interval]
[publications] [Quarterly] [date=September 2019] {{multiple issues|
[date=January 2025] [date=January 2025] [part=lead, and throughout ] }}
<!--HARPERS IS CLEARLY THE MORE READILY RECOGNIZABLE MAGAZINE IMAGE, OVER THE
EARLIER APPEARING MAGAZINE OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE.--> A MAGAZINE[1]
is a periodical publication, print or digital, produced on a regular schedule,
that contains any of a variety of subject-oriented textual and visual content
forms. Magazines are generally financed by advertising, purchase price,
prepaid subscriptions, or by a combination of the three. They are categorised
by their frequency of publication (i.e., as weeklies, monthlies, quarterlies,
etc.), their target audiences (e.g., women's and trade magazines), their
subjects of focus (e.g., popular science and religious), and their tones or
approach (e.g., works of satire or humor). Appearance on the cover of print
magazines has historically been understood to convey a place of honor or
distinction to an individual or event.
** Term origin and definition
*** Origin
The etymology of the word "magazine" suggests derivation from the Arabic [ar]
([ar]), the broken plural of [ar] ([ar]) meaning "depot, storehouse"
(originally military storehouse); that comes to English via Middle French
[frm] and Italian [it].[2] In its original sense, the word "magazine" referred
to a storage space or device.<ref name="etymonline.com"/>
*** Definitions
[ with = definitions that are sourced, so as to move the subsection away from
WP:OR and editor perspective/opinion ] In the case of written publication, it
refers to a collection of written articles; hence, magazine publications share
the moniker with storage units for military equipment such as gunpowder,
artillery and firearm magazines, and in French and Russian (adopted from the
French, as [ru]), retailers such as department stores.[3]
The difference between magazines and journals are their audience, purpose, and
publication process. Journal articles are written by experts for experts,
while magazine articles are usually intended for the general public or a
demographic. Journals contain recent research on specific areas, while
magazines aim to entertain, inform, or educate a general audience on a wide
range of topics. Journals are published by academic or professional
organizations, and may be peer reviewed, while magazine articles are typically
shorter and more accessible than journal articles, often written in a
journalistic style.[4][5]
** Distribution
Print magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by
newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at
selected pick-up locations.[date=January 2025] Electronic distribution methods
can include social media, email, news aggregators, and visibility of a
publication's website and search engine results.[date=January 2025] The
traditional subscription business models for distribution fall into three main
categories.[date=January 2025]
*** Paid circulation
In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a
per-issue basis or by subscription, where an annual fee or monthly price is
paid and issues are sent by post to readers. Paid circulation allows for
defined readership statistics.[6][7]
*** Non-paid circulation
This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example
in street dispensers, on airlines, or included with other products or
publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific
populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed, and
not who reads them.[date=May 2023]
*** Controlled circulation
This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals)
distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some
form of survey. Because of costs (e.g., printing and postage) associated with
the medium of print, publishers may not distribute free copies to everyone who
requests one (unqualified leads); instead, they operate under controlled
circulation, deciding who may receive free subscriptions based on each
person's qualification as a member of the trade (and likelihood of buying, for
example, likelihood of having corporate purchasing authority, as determined by
job title). This allows a high level of certainty that advertisements will be
received by the advertiser's target audience,[8] and it avoids wasted printing
and distribution expenses. This latter model was widely used before the rise
of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in
the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model,
including _Computer Weekly_ and _Computing_, and in finance, _Waters
Magazine_. For the global media industry, an example would be _VideoAge
International_.[date=May 2021]
** History
[date = January 2025] The earliest example of magazines was _Erbauliche
Monaths Unterredungen_, a literary and philosophy magazine, which was launched
in 1663 in Germany.[9] _The Gentleman's Magazine_, first published in 1741 in
London was the first general-interest magazine.<ref name="History"/> Edward
Cave, who edited _The Gentleman's Magazine_ under the pen name "Sylvanus
Urban", was the first to use the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military
storehouse,[10] the quote being: "a monthly collection, to treasure up as in a
magazine".[11] Founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, _The Illustrated London
News_ was the first illustrated weekly news magazine.[12]
*** Britain
The oldest consumer magazine still in print is _The Scots Magazine_,[13] which
was first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and gaps in
publication totalling over 90 years weaken that claim. _Lloyd's List_ was
founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; although its online
platform is still updated daily, it has not been published as a printed
magazine since 2013, when it ended print publication after 274 years.[14]
*** France
[History of French journalism] [section] <!--THIS SUBSECTION AT LEAST APPEARS
TO BE PROOF-TEXTING: SLAPPING AN END OF PARAGRAPH CITATION TO ATTEMPT TO COVER
ALL, WITHOUT CHECKING AND REWRITING, AND INLINE TAGGING THE UNSOURCED PARTS.
PLEASE VERIFY.--> upright=0.7 Under the Ancien Régime, the most prominent
magazines were [fr], [fr], founded in 1665 for scientists, and [fr], founded
in 1631. Jean Loret was one of France's first journalists. He disseminated
the weekly news of music, dance and Parisian society from 1650 until 1665 in
verse, in what he called a _gazette burlesque_, assembled in three volumes of
_La Muse historique_ (1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation
behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the aristocracy, while
the newer British counterparts were oriented toward the middle and working
classes.[15][date=January 2025]
Periodicals were censored by the central government in Paris. They were not
totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church abuses and
bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy and they played at most
a small role in stimulating the revolution.[16][date=January 2025] During the
Revolution, new periodicals played central roles as propaganda organs for
various factions. Jean-Paul Marat (1743–1793) was the most prominent editor.
His _L'Ami du peuple_ advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes
against the enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was
assassinated. After 1800 Napoleon reimposed strict
censorship.[17][date=January 2025]
Magazines flourished after Napoleon left in 1815. Most were based in Paris
and most emphasized literature, poetry and stories. They served religious,
cultural and political communities. In times of political crisis they
expressed and helped shape the views of their readership and thereby were
major elements in the changing political culture.[18][date=January 2025] For
example, there were eight Catholic periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were
officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they reflected a range of
opinion among educated Catholics about current issues, such as the 1830 July
Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong
supporters of the Bourbon kings, but all eight ultimately urged support for
the new government, putting their appeals in terms of preserving civil order.
They often discussed the relationship between church and state. Generally,
they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and not engage in politics.
Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between
the Church and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop a new
understanding of church-state relationships and the source of political
authority.[19][date = January 2025]
*** Turkey
**** General
The _Moniteur Ottoman_ was a gazette written in French and first published in
1831 on the order of Mahmud II. It was the first official gazette of the
Ottoman Empire, edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the Sublime
Porte. Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper _Le Moniteur
Universel_. It was issued weekly. _Takvim-i vekayi_ was published a few
months later, intended as a translation of the _Moniteur_ into Ottoman
Turkish. After having been edited by former Consul for Denmark "_M.
Franceschi_", and later on by "_Hassuna de Ghiez_", it was lastly edited by
Lucien Rouet. However, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in
the 1840s.[20]
**** Satire
[date = January 2025] Satirical magazines of Turkey have a long tradition.
One of the earliest satirical magazines was _Diyojen_ which was launched in
1869. There are around 20 satirical magazines; the leading ones are _Penguen_
(70,000 weekly circulation), _LeMan_ (50,000) and _Uykusuz_. Historical
examples include Oğuz Aral's magazine _Gırgır_ (which reached a circulation of
500,000 in the 1970s) and _Marko Paşa_ (launched in 1946). Others include
_L-Manyak_ and _Lombak_.
*** United States
[History of American journalism]
**** Colonial America
[ with = a scholarly description of this subsection topic, derived from
sources in addition to the one appearing Vogue fashion source ] Publishing was
a very expensive industry in colonial times. Paper and printer's ink were
taxed imported goods and their quality was inconsistent. Interstate tariffs
and a poor road system hindered distribution, even on a regional scale. Many
magazines were launched, most failing within a few editions, but publishers
kept trying. Benjamin Franklin is said to have envisioned one of the first
magazines of the American colonies in 1741, the _General Magazine and
Historical Chronicle_. The _Pennsylvania Magazine_, edited by Thomas Paine,
ran only for a short time but was a very influential publication during the
Revolutionary War. The final issue containing the text of the Declaration of
Independence was published in 1776.<ref name=vogue>[last1=Hill ][date =
January 2025]
**** Late 19th century
In the mid-19th century, monthly magazines gained popularity. They were
general interest to begin, containing some news, vignettes, poems, history,
political events, and social discussion.[21][date = January 2025] Unlike
newspapers, they were more of a monthly record of current events along with
entertaining stories, poems, and pictures. The first periodicals to branch
out from news were _Harper's_ and _The Atlantic_, which focused on fostering
the arts.[22][date = January 2025] Both _Harper's_ and _The Atlantic_ persist
to this day, with _Harper's_ being a cultural magazine and The Atlantic
focusing mainly on world events. Early publications of _Harper's_ even held
famous works such as early publications of _Moby Dick_ or famous events such
as the laying of the world's first transatlantic telegraph cable; however, the
majority of early content was trickle down from British events.[23]
The development of the magazines stimulated an increase in literary criticism
and political debate, moving towards more opinionated pieces from the
objective newspapers.<ref name="Biagi" />[date = January 2025] The increased
time between prints and the greater amount of space to write provided a forum
for public arguments by scholars and critical observers.[24][date = January
2025]
The early periodical predecessors to magazines started to evolve to modern
definition in the late 1800s.<ref name="Frank Luther Mott" />[date = January
2025] Works slowly became more specialized and the general discussion or
cultural periodicals were forced to adapt to a consumer market which yearned
for more localization of issues and events.<ref name="Biagi" />[date = January
2025]
**** Progressive era: 1890s–1920s
[Muckrakers] Mass-circulation magazines became much more common after 1900,
some with circulations in the hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Some
passed the million-mark in the 1920s. It was an age of mass media. Because
of the rapid expansion of national advertising, the cover price fell sharply
to about 10 cents.[25] One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in
politics, local government and big business, especially by _Muckrakers._ They
were journalists who wrote for popular magazines to expose social and
political sins and shortcomings. They relied on their own investigative
journalism reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and
corporate and political corruption. Muckraking magazines–notably
_McClure's_–took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while
raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions,
and social issues such as child labor.[26][date = January 2025]
The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal
operated at the state and local level, like Ray Stannard Baker, George Creel,
and Brand Whitlock. Others, including Lincoln Steffens, exposed political
corruption in many large cities; Ida Tarbell went after John D. Rockefeller's
Standard Oil Company. Samuel Hopkins Adams in 1905 showed the fraud involved
in many patent medicines, Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel _The Jungle_ gave a
horrid portrayal of how meat was packed, and, also in 1906, David Graham
Phillips unleashed a blistering indictment of the U.S. Senate. Roosevelt
gave these journalists their nickname when he complained that they were not
being helpful by raking up all the muck.[27][date = January 2025][28]
**** 1930s–1990s
**** 21st century
According to the Research Department of Statista, closures of magazines
outnumbered launches in North America during 2009. Although both figures
declined during 2010–2015, launches outnumbered closures in each of those
years, sometimes by a 3:1 ratio.[29] Focusing more narrowly, MediaFinder.com
found that 93 new magazines were launched during the first six months of 2014,
while only 30 closed in that time frame. The category which produced the most
new publications was "Regional interest", of which six new magazines were
launched, including _12th & Broad_ and _Craft Beer &
Brewing_.[30][date=January 2025] However, two magazines had to change their
print schedules. Johnson Publishing's _Jet_ stopped printing regular issues,
making the transition to digital format, though still printing an annual print
edition.[31] _Ladies' Home Journal_ stopped their monthly schedule and home
delivery for subscribers to become a quarterly newsstand-only special interest
publication.[32]
According to statistics from the end of 2013, subscription levels for 22 of
the top 25 magazines declined from 2012 to 2013, with just _Time_, _Glamour_
and _ESPN The Magazine_ gaining numbers.[33] However, by 2024, some titles,
notably outdoors magazines, appeared to be growing in popularity.[34]
**** Women's magazines
The "seven sisters" of American women's magazines are _Ladies' Home Journal_,
_Good Housekeeping_, _McCall's_, _Woman's Day_, _Redbook_, _Family Circle_,
and _Better Homes and Gardens_.[35] Some magazines, among them _Godey's Lady's
Book_ and _Harper's Bazaar_, were intended exclusively for a female audience,
emphasizing the traditional gender roles of the 19th century.[date=January
2025] _Harper's Bazaar_ was the first to focus exclusively on couture fashion,
fashion accessories and textiles.[36] The inclusion of didactic content about
housekeeping may have increased the appeal of the magazine for a broader
audience of women and men concerned about the frivolity of a fashion
magazine.<ref name=vogue/>[date = January 2025]<!--It does not appear that
this end-of-paragraph source covers all matter covered herein.-->
** Types
There are many types of magazines. While some zero in on topics such as niche
trade journals, cutting-edge research, or women’s mags, others include topics
like religion and pop culture. These may include deliciously satirical, dead
serious, or a laugh-out-loud funny.
** Categories
[ with = separation of the combined categories of audience and subject, and
through further sourcing and examples as needed, in each subsection ]
*** Based on periodicity
Magazines are often categorised by their frequencies of publication (i.e., as
weeklies, monthlies, quarterlies, etc.).[37]
*** Based on target audience and subject
**** Women's fashion
The first women's magazine targeted toward wives and mothers was published in
1852.[38] In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with a
sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories
they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of _Die Dame_ and _Das Blatt
der Hausfrau_ displayed the "Neue Frauen", "New Girl" – what Americans called
the flapper. This ideal young woman was chic, financially independent, and an
eager consumer of the latest fashions. Magazines kept her up to date on
fashion, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and
telephones.[39]
**** Parenting
Other women's magazines have influenced views of motherhood and child-rearing
through the use of advice columns, advertisements, and articles related to
parenting.[40] Mass-marketed women's magazines have shaped and transformed
cultural values related to parenting practices. As such, magazines targeting
women and parenthood have exerted power and influence over ideas about
motherhood and child-rearing.<ref name=":0" />
**** Religion
Religious magazines have a long and varied history. In the United States,
religious magazines are among the first magazines to appear, and their content
helped shape the early Republic's literacy, morals, and political events. But
during the past 150 years, their influence has lessened.[41]
**** Celebrity gossip, human interest
Magazines publishing stories and photos of high-profile individuals and
celebrities have long been a popular format in the United States.[42] In 2019,
_People Magazine_ ranked second behind ESPN Magazine in total reach with a
reported reach of 98.51 million.[43]
**** Professional
Professional magazines, also called trade magazines, or business-to-business
magazines are targeted to readers employed in particular industries. These
magazines typically cover industry trends and news of interest to
professionals in the industry. Subscriptions often come with membership in a
professional association. Professional magazines may derive revenue from
advertisement placements or advertorials by companies selling products and
services to a specific professional audience. Examples include _Advertising
Age ,_ _Automotive News , Broadcast , The Bookseller ,_ and _The
Stage_.[44][45][46][47][48]
*** Based on tone or approach
<!--THIS TEXTUL CATEGORY SUBSECTION ADDED BECAUSE THE FORMAL WP CATEGORY OF
SATIRICAL MAGAZINES ALREADY OTHERWISE APPEARS.--> Magazines can be categorised
by their tone or approach, e.g., as with periodical works of satire or
humor.[49]
** Cover
[cover art] {{multiple issues|section = yes| [date = January 2025] [ with =
source-derived content discussing the meaning, and journalistic purpose and
impact of magazine cover art and photography ] }} Being on the cover of a
magazine is sometimes considered an honor, or even historic;[50] examples are
one-time common statements to the effect that an individual had "appeared on
the cover of _Time_" or of the _Rolling Stone_, etc.[51][52]
The English _Wikipedia_ presents a number of List-type articles that survey
subjects and individuals appearing in the covers of specific magazines; see
for example: <!--PRESENT MAGAZINES ALPHABETICALLY. IF YOU WANT THIS TO BE
SERIOUS AND ENCYCLOPEDIC, LEAVE OFF WITH THE MODELS EMPHASIS.-->
- List of stories on the cover of National Geographic ;
- List of individuals on the cover of _Rolling Stone_ ;
- List of people/stories on the cover of _Time_ magazine ;
- List of individuals on the cover of U.S. _Vogue_ .
** See also
[colwidth=18em]
- History of journalism
- Automobile magazine s
- Boating magazine s
- British boys' magazines
- Business magazines
- Computer magazine s
- Customer magazine s
- Fantasy fiction magazine s
- Fashion journalism
- Horror fiction magazine s
- Humor magazine s
- Inflight magazine s
- Lifestyle magazine
- Literary magazine s
- Luxury magazine s
- Music magazine s
- News magazines
- Online magazine s
- Pornographic magazine s
- Pulp magazine s
- Science fiction magazine s
- Scientific journal s
- Shelter magazine s (home design and decorating)
- Sports magazine s
- Sunday magazine s
- Teen magazine s
- Trade journal s
- Video game magazine
- Video magazine s
- Zine s
[div col end]
*** Lists
[colwidth=18em]
- List of 18th-century British periodicals
- List of 19th-century British periodicals
- List of amateur radio magazines
- List of architecture magazines
- List of art magazines
- List of avant-garde magazines
- List of computer magazines
- List of environmental periodicals
- List of fashion magazines
- List of food and drink magazines
- List of gadget magazines
- List of health and fitness magazines
- List of horticultural magazines
- List of lesbian periodicals
- List of LGBT periodicals
- List of literary magazines
- List of magazines by circulation
- Lists of magazines by country
- List of manga magazines
- List of manga magazines published outside of Japan
- List of men's magazines
- List of music magazines
- List of online magazine archives
- List of political magazines
- List of pornographic magazines
- List of railroad-related periodicals
- List of satirical magazines
- List of science magazines
- List of travel magazines
- List of teen magazines
- List of video game magazines
- List of wildlife magazines
- List of women's magazines
[div col end]
*** Categories
- [Periodicals]
- [Religious magazines]
- [Satirical magazines]
- [Wildlife magazines]
** References
[date = January 2025] [Reflist]
** Further reading
[refbegin]
*** General
- [ author = Angeletti, Norberto & Oliva, Alberto ] <small> This work, by two _Vogue_ magazine historians, also covers such magazine titles as _Der Spiegel_ , _¡Hola!_ , _Life_ , _National Geographic_ , _Paris Match_ , _Reader's Digest_ , _People_ , and _Time_ . </small>
- [ author = Thacker, Andrew & Brooker, Peter ]
- [ author = Buxton, William J. & McKercher, Catherine ] <small> The foregoing journal and archive links are to the journal abstract page, where PDF or HTML viewing cna be chosen. See also [30303243] or this archived link (see https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182924/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30303243) , [registration required] </small>
- [ author = Cox, Howard & Mowatt, Simon ]
- [ author = Würgler, Andreas ]
*** U.S. magazines
[section]
- Baughman, James L. _Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media_ (2001) excerpt and text search (see https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801867169) [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229162427/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801867169 ]
- Brinkley, Alan. _The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century_ , Alfred A. Knopf (2010) 531 pp.
- "A Magazine Master Builder" (see https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/books/20book.html) [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701094817/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/books/20book.html ] Book review by Janet Maslin , _The New York Times_ , 19 April 2010
- Damon-Moore, Helen. _Magazines for the Millions: Gender and Commerce in the Ladies' Home Journal and the Saturday Evening Post, 1880–1910_ (1994) online (see https://www.questia.com/library/102491415/magazines-for-the-millions-gender-and-commerce-in) [date=January 2025] [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183456/https://www.questia.com/library/102491415/magazines-for-the-millions-gender-and-commerce-in ]
- Elson, Robert T. _Time Inc: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923–1941_ (1968); vol. 2: _The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History, 1941–1960_ (1973), official corporate history
- Endres, Kathleen L. and Therese L. Lueck, eds. _Women's Periodicals in the United States: Consumer Magazines_ (1995) online (see https://www.questia.com/library/3425396/women-s-periodicals-in-the-united-states-consumer) [date=January 2025] [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182709/https://www.questia.com/library/3425396/women-s-periodicals-in-the-united-states-consumer ]
- Haveman, Heather A. _Magazines and the Making of America: Modernization, Community, and Print Culture, 1741–1860_ (Princeton UP, 2015)
- Johnson, Ronald Maberry and Abby Arthur Johnson. _Propaganda and Aesthetics: The Literary Politics of Afro-American Magazines in the Twentieth Century_ (1979) online (see https://www.questia.com/library/1991169/propaganda-and-aesthetics-the-literary-politics-of) [date=January 2025] [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183549/https://www.questia.com/library/1991169/propaganda-and-aesthetics-the-literary-politics-of ] [date=January 2025]
- Mott, Frank Luther. _A History of American Magazines_ (five volumes, 1930–1968), detailed coverage of all major magazines, 1741 to 1930 by a leading scholar.
- Nourie, Alan and Barbara Nourie. _American Mass-Market Magazines_ (Greenwood Press, 1990) online (see https://www.questia.com/library/87284345/american-mass-market-magazines) [date=January 2025] [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182958/https://www.questia.com/library/87284345/american-mass-market-magazines ]
- Rooks, Noliwe M. _Ladies' Pages: African American Women's Magazines and the Culture That Made Them_ (Rutgers UP, 2004) online (see https://www.questia.com/library/120090273/ladies-pages-african-american-women-s-magazines) [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183001/https://www.questia.com/library/120090273/ladies-pages-african-american-women-s-magazines ]
- Summer, David E. _The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900_ (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 242 pages. Examines the rapid growth of magazines throughout the 20th century and analyzes the form's current decline.
- Tebbel, John , and Mary Ellen Zuckerman. _The Magazine in America, 1741–1990_ (1991), popular history
- Wood, James P. _Magazines in the United States: Their Social and Economic Influence_ (1949) online (see https://www.questia.com/library/393437/magazines-in-the-united-states-their-social-and-economic) [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183616/https://www.questia.com/library/393437/magazines-in-the-united-states-their-social-and-economic ]
- Zuckerman, Mary Ellen. _A History of Popular Women's Magazines in the United States, 1792–1995_ (Greenwood Press, 1998) online (see https://www.questia.com/library/3772249/a-history-of-popular-women-s-magazines-in-the-united) [url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120003748/https://www.questia.com/library/3772249/a-history-of-popular-women-s-magazines-in-the-united ]
*** Magazine cover-art related
- [ author = Mauney, Anna Claire ]
- [ author = The Saturday Evening Post Staff ] <small> This work discusses the history behind the 322 cover illustrations, generally painted, that Rockwell created for this magazine, through November 1963, before turning to another decade of painting illustrations about civil rights, poverty, and space exploration for _Look_ magazine, en route to his 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contribution to American portraiture . </small>
- [ author = MoMA Staff ] <small> This work presents images of the seven cover graphic arts illustrations that Wheeler created for _Life_ magazine, throughout 1963, originals and other materials related to which are now a part of this museum's collection. </small>
[refend]
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- [Magazines]
- [magazine]
- [magazine_rack]
[Authority control]
Category:Publications by format Magazines Category:Magazine publishing
Category:Newspapers Category:Promotion and marketing communications
Category:Revenue models