From en.wikipedia.org:
[Bast fiber from the genus Corchorus] [the vegetable fiber]
JUTE ([dʒ] [JOOT]) is a long, rough, shiny bast fibre that can be spun into
coarse, strong threads. It is produced from flowering plants in the genus
_Corchorus_, of the mallow family Malvaceae. The primary source of the fiber
is _Corchorus olitorius_, but such fiber is considered inferior to that
derived from _Corchorus capsularis_.[1]
Jute fibers, composed primarily of cellulose and lignin, are collected from
bast (the phloem of the plant, sometimes called the "skin"). The industrial
term for jute fiber is _raw jute_. The fibers are off-white to brown and
range from [1] long. In Bangladesh, jute is called the " GOLDEN FIBER" for
its color and monetary value.[2]
The bulk of the jute trade is centered in South Asia, with India and
Bangladesh as the primary producers. The majority of jute is used for durable
and sustainable packaging, such as burlap sacks. Its production and usage
declined as disposable plastic packaging became common, but this trend has
begun to reverse as merchants and even nations phase out or ban single-use
plastics.[3][4]
** Cultivation
[Jute cultivation] The jute plant needs plain alluvial soil and standing
water. During the monsoon season, the monsoon climate offers a warm and wet
environment which is suitable for growing jute. Temperatures from [20] and
relative humidity of 70%–80% are favorable for successful cultivation. Jute
requires [5] of rainfall weekly, and more during the sowing time. Soft water
is necessary for jute production.
*** White jute ( _Corchorus capsularis_ )
Historical documents (including _Ain-e-Akbari_ by Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak in
1590) state that the poor villagers in India once wore clothing made of jute.
The weavers used simple hand-spinning wheels and handlooms, which were also
employed to spin cotton yarns. Historical evidence further suggests that
Indians—especially Bengalis—used ropes and twines made of white jute since
ancient times for household and other purposes. Jute has long been valued for
carrying grains and other agricultural products.
*** Tossa jute ( _Corchorus olitorius_ )
Tossa jute (_Corchorus olitorius_) is a variety thought to be native to South
Asia. It is grown for both fiber and culinary purposes. People use the
leaves as an ingredient in a mucilaginous potherb called "molokhiya" ([ar], of
uncertain etymology), which is mainly used in some Arabic countries such as
Egypt, Jordan, and Syria as a soup-based dish, sometimes with meat over rice
or lentils. The King James translation of the Book of Job (chapter 30, verse
4), in the Hebrew Bible, mistranslates the word [he] _maluaḥ_, which means
Atriplex as "mallow", which in turn has led some to identify this jute species
as that what was meant by the translators, and led it to be called 'Jew's
mallow' in English.[5] It is high in protein, vitamin C, beta-carotene,
calcium, and iron.
Bangladesh and other countries in Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific mainly
use jute for its fiber. Tossa jute fiber is softer, silkier, and stronger
than white jute. This variety shows good sustainability in the Ganges Delta
climate. Along with white jute, tossa jute has also been cultivated in the
soil of Bengal where has been known as _paat_ since the start of the 19th
century. Coremantel, Bangladesh, is the largest global producer of the tossa
jute variety. In India, West Bengal is the largest producer of jute.
** History
[Jute trade] Jute has been used for making textiles in the Indus valley
civilization since the 3rd millennium BC.[6]
For centuries, jute has been a part of the culture of Bangladesh and some
parts of West Bengal and Assam. The British started trading in jute during
the seventeenth century. During the reign of the British Empire, jute was
also used in the military. British jute barons grew rich by processing jute
and selling manufactured products made from it. Dundee Jute Barons and the
British East India Company set up many jute mills in Bengal, and by 1895 jute
industries in Bengal overtook the Scottish jute trade. Many Scots emigrated
to Bengal to set up jute factories. More than a billion jute sandbags were
exported from Bengal to the trenches of World War I, and to the American South
for bagging cotton. It was used in multiple industries, including the
fishing, construction, art, and arms industries.
Due to its coarse and tough texture, jute could initially only be processed by
hand, until someone in Dundee discovered that treating it with whale oil made
it machine processable.[7] The industry boomed throughout the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries ("jute weaver" was a recognized trade occupation in the
1901 UK census), but this trade largely ceased by about 1970, being
substituted for by synthetic fibres. In the 21st century, jute has become a
large export again, mainly in Bangladesh.
** Production
[Jute trade] The jute fiber comes from the stem and ribbon (outer skin) of the
jute plant. The fibers are first extracted by retting, a process in which
jute stems are bundled together and immersed in slow running water. There are
two types of retting: stem and ribbon.[reason=these terms need to be
explained] After the retting process, stripping begins. In the stripping
process, workers scrape off non-fibrous matter, then dig in and grab the
fibers from within the jute stem.[8][reason=and what do they do with the
grabbed fibers?]
Jute is a rain-fed crop with little need for fertilizer or pesticides, in
contrast to cotton's heavy requirements.[date=December 2021][9] Production in
India is concentrated mostly in West Bengal.[10] India is the world's largest
producer of jute,[11][12] but imported approximately 162,000 tonnes[13] of raw
fiber and 175,000 tonnes[14] of jute products in 2011. India, Pakistan, and
China import significant quantities of jute fiber and products from
Bangladesh, as do the United Kingdom, Japan, United States, France, Spain,
Ivory Coast, Germany and Brazil. Jute and jute products formerly held the top
position among Bangladesh's most exported goods, although now they stand
second after ready-made apparel.[15] Annually, Bangladesh produces 7 to 8
million bales of raw jute, out of which 0.6 to 0.8 million bales are exported
to international markets. China, India, and Pakistan are the primary
importers of Bangladeshi raw jute.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" border="1" |+ Top ten
jute producers, by metric ton, as of 2020[16] |- ! scope="col"| Country !
scope="col"| Production (Tonnes) |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"|
[IND] |1,807,264 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| [BGD] |804,520 |-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;"| [CHN] |36,510 |- ! scope="row"
style="text-align:left;"| [UZB] |19,122 |- ! scope="row"
style="text-align:left;"| [NPL] |10,165 |- ! scope="row"
style="text-align:left;"| [SSD] |3,677 |- ! scope="row"
style="text-align:left;"| [ZIM] |2,656 |- ! scope="row"
style="text-align:left;"| [EGY] |2,276 |- ! scope="row"
style="text-align:left;"| [BRA] |1,185 |- ! scope="row"
style="text-align:left;"| [BTN] |342 |-style="background:#ccc;" ! scope="row"
style="background:#ccc;text-align:left;"|[noflag]World | 2,688,912 |}
** Genome
[Jute genome] In 2002, Bangladesh commissioned a consortium of researchers
from University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) and
private software firm DataSoft Systems Bangladesh Ltd., in collaboration with
the Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Science Malaysia and University
of Hawaii, to research different fibers and hybrid fibers of jute. The draft
genome of jute (_Corchorus olitorius_) was completed.[17]
** Uses
Jutes are relatively cheap and versatile fiber and have a wide variety of uses
in cordage and cloth. It is commonly used to make burlap sacks.
The jute plant also has some culinary uses, which are generally focused on the
leaves.
Due to its durability and biodegradability, jute matting is used as a
temporary solution to prevent flood erosion.
Researchers have also investigated the possibility of using jute and glucose
to build aeroplane panels.[18]
*** Fibers
Individual jute fibers can range from very fine to very coarse, and the varied
fibers are suited for a variety of uses.
The coarser fibers, which are called _jute butts_, are used alone or combined
with other fibers to make many products:
- Hessian cloth
- Sacking
- Agricultural wrapping cloth, most notably wrapping for bales of raw cotton
- Sandbag s
- Cloth backing for flooring, such as linoleum or carpet
- Cordage, such as twine or rope
- Pulp (for paper production)
Finer jute fibers can be processed for use in:
- Shoes, such as espadrille s
- Sweater s and cardigans
- Imitation silk [date=July 2023]
- Curtains
- Chair coverings
- Carpets
- Rugs
Jute was historically[date=July 2023][date=July 2023] used in traditional
textile machinery[date=July 2023] because jute fibers contain cellulose
(vegetable fiber) and lignin (wood fiber).[reason=Why do the cellulose and
lignin matter?] Later[date=July 2023], several industries, such as the
automotive, pulp and paper, furniture, and bedding industries, started to use
jute and its allied[date=July 2023] fibers with their non-woven and composite
technology to manufacture nonwoven fabric, technical textiles, and composites.
Jute is used in the manufacture of fabrics, such as Hessian cloth, sacking,
scrim, carpet backing cloth (CBC), and canvas. Hessian is lighter than
sacking, and it is used for bags, wrappers, wall-coverings, upholstery, and
home furnishings. Sacking, which is a fabric made of heavy jute fibers, has
its use in the name. CBC made of jute comes in two types: primary and
secondary. Primary CBC provides a tufting surface, while secondary CBC is
bonded onto the primary backing for an overlay. Jute packaging is sometimes
used as an environmentally friendly substitute for plastic.
Other jute consumer products include floor coverings, high performance
technical textiles, geotextiles, and composites. Jute has been used as a home
textile due to its anti-static and color- and light-fast properties, as well
as its strength, durability, UV protection, sound and heat insulation, and low
thermal conductivity.
*** Culinary uses
_Corchous olitorius_ leaves are used to make mulukhiya, which is sometimes
considered the Egyptian national dish, and is also consumed in Cyprus and
other Middle Eastern countries. These leaves are an ingredient in stews,
typically cooked with lamb or chicken.
In India (West Bengal) and Bangladesh, in the Bengali cuisine, the fresh
leaves are stir fried and eaten as _path saak bhaja_ (পাঠ শাক ভাজা) along with
a mustard sauce called _kasundi_ (কাসুন্দি). The leaves are also eaten by
making _pakoras_ (পাঠ পাতার বড়া) with rice flour or Gram flour batter.
In Nigeria, leaves of _Corchorus olitorius_ are prepared in sticky soup called
_ewedu_ together with ingredients such as sweet potato, dried small fish, or
shrimp.[19] The leaves are rubbed until foamy or sticky before they are added
to the soup. Among the Yoruba people of Nigeria, the leaves are called
_Ewedu_, and in the Hausa-speaking northern Nigeria, the leaves are called
_turgunuwa_ or _lallo_. The cook shreds the jute leaves and adds them to the
soup, which generally also contains meat or fish, onions, pepper, and other
spices. The Lugbara of Northwestern Uganda also eat jute leaves in a soup
called _pala bi_. Jute is also a totem for Ayivu, one of the Lugbara clans.
In the Philippines, especially in Ilocano-dominated areas, this vegetable,
which is locally known as _saluyot_, can be mixed with bitter gourd, bamboo
shoots, loofah, or a combination of these ingredients, which have a slimy and
slippery texture.
Vietnamese cuisine also use edible jute known as _rau đay_. It is usually
used in _canh_ cooked with crab and loofah.
In Haiti, a dish called "Lalo" is made with jute leaves and other ingredients.
One version of Lalo includes lalo with crab and meat (such as pork or beef)
served on a bed of rice.
** Environmental impact
Fabrics made of jute fibers are carbon neutral and biodegradable, which make
jute a candidate material for high performance technical textiles.<ref
name="IJSG" />
As global concern over forest destruction increases, jute may begin to replace
wood as a primary pulp ingredient.
** Cultural significance
<gallery> File:National emblem of Bangladesh.svg|National Emblem of
Bangladesh. Above the water lily are four stars and three connected jute
leaves. File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|State emblem of Pakistan, Jute
depicted in the fourth quarter. File:বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংকের প্রতীক.svg|Bangladesh
Bank monogram, with three connected jute leaves at the base. File:Queen
Elizabeth II on her Coronation Day.jpg|The Coronation gown of Elizabeth II was
embroidered with the three emblems of Pakistan: wheat, cotton and jute
(embroidered in green silk and golden thread).[20][21] </gallery>
** See also
- Cash crop
- Economy of Bangladesh
- International Jute Study Group
- International Year of Natural Fibres
- Kenaf
- Ministry of Textiles and Jute
- Spinning (textiles)
** References
[Reflist]
** Further reading
[30em]
- Basu, G., A. K. Sinha, and S. N. Chattopadhyay. "Properties of Jute Based Ternary Blended Bulked Yarns". _Man-Made Textiles in India_ . Vol. 48, no. 9 (Sep. 2005): 350–353. (AN 18605324)
- Chattopadhyay, S. N., N. C. Pan, and A. Day. "A Novel Process of Dyeing of Jute Fabric Using Reactive Dye". _Textile Industry of India_ . Vol. 42, no. 9 (Sep. 2004): 15–22. (AN 17093709)
- Doraiswamy, I., A. Basu, and K. P. Chellamani. "Development of Fine Quality Jute Fibers". _Colourage_ . Nov. 6–8, 1998, 2p. (AN TDH0624047199903296)
- Kozlowski, R., and S. Manys. "Green Fibers". The Textile Institute. _Textile Industry: Winning Strategies for the New Millennium—Papers Presented at the World Conference_ . Feb. 10–13, 1999: 29 (13p). (AN TDH0646343200106392)
- Madhu, T. "Bio-Composites—An Overview". _Textile Magazine_ . Vol. 43, no. 8 (Jun. 2002): 49 (2 pp). (AN TDH0656367200206816)
- Maulik, S. R. "Chemical Modification of Jute". _Asian Textile Journal_ . Vol. 10, no. 7 (Jul. 2001): 99 (8 pp). (AN TDH0648424200108473)
- Moses, J. Jeyakodi, and M. Ramasamy. "Quality Improvement on Jute and Jute Cotton Materials Using Enzyme Treatment and Natural Dyeing". _Man-Made Textiles in India_ . Vol. 47, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 252–255. (AN 14075527)
- Pan, N. C., S. N. Chattopadhyay, and A. Day. "Dyeing of Jute Fabric with Natural Dye Extracted from Marigold Flower". _Asian Textile Journal_ . Vol. 13, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 80–82. (AN 15081016)
- Pan, N. C., A. Day, and K. K. Mahalanabis. "Properties of Jute". _Indian Textile Journal_ . Vol. 110, no. 5 (Feb. 2000): 16. (AN TDH0635236200004885)
- Roy, T. K. G., S. K. Chatterjee, and B. D. Gupta. "Comparative Studies on Bleaching and Dyeing of Jute after Processing with Mineral Oil in Water Emulsion vis-a-vis Self-Emulsifiable Castor Oil". _Colourage_ . Vol. 49, no. 8 (Aug. 2002): 27 (5 pp). (AN TDH0657901200208350)
- Shenai, V. A. "Enzyme Treatment". _Indian Textile Journal_ . Vol. 114, no. 2 (Nov. 2003): 112–113. (AN 13153355)
- Srinivasan, J., A. Venkatachalam, and P. Radhakrishnan. "Small-Scale Jute Spinning: An Analysis". _Textile Magazine_ . Vol. 40, no. 4 (Feb. 1999): 29. (ANTDH0624005199903254)
- Tomlinson, Jim. Carlo Morelli and Valerie Wright. _The Decline of Jute: Managing Industrial Decline_ (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2011) 219 pp. [978-1-84893-124-4] . focus on Dundee , Scotland
- Vijayakumar, K. A., and P. R. Raajendraa. "A New Method to Determine the Proportion of Jute in a Jute/Cotton Blend". _Asian Textile Journal_ , Vol. 14, no. 5 (May 2005): 70–72. (AN 18137355)
[Refend]
** External links
[Commons] [jute]
- [1= Jute Genome Project (see https://web.archive.org/web/20100619060302/http://www.jutegenome.org/) ]
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (see http://www.bjri.gov.bd/)
- [1= International Jute Study Group (IJSG) (see https://web.archive.org/web/20100309154441/http://www.jute.org/plant.htm) ] Resources about jute, kenaf, and roselle plants. jute.org
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University (see http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitorius.html) Some chemistry and medicinal information on tossa jute. purdue.edu
- National Library of Scotland: SCOTTISH SCREEN ARCHIVE (see http://ssa.nls.uk/search.cfm?search_term=jute&search_fields=2&search_join_type=AND&search_fuzzy=yes&subject=&location=&personality=&genre=&series=&fiction=&colour=&sound=&year_from=&year_to=&decade=&videos_only=1&search_mode=Advanced&submit=Search+%3E%3E%3E) (selection of archive films about the jute industry in Dundee)
[Corchorus]
[fibers] [Authority control]
Category:Biodegradable materials Category:Packaging materials Category:Leaf
vegetables