From en.wikipedia.org:
[Genus of lichens] [date=June 2025] [date=June 2025] {{Automatic taxobox |
taxon = Chapsa | authority = A.Massal. (1860) | type_species = _Chapsa
indicum_ | type_species_authority = A.Massal. (1860) | subdivision_ranks =
Species | subdivisions = }}
_CHAPSA_ is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. These lichens form
thin, grey-whitish to pale olive crusts on tree bark and are characterized by
fruiting bodies that start as slits but expand into round to angular discs
level with the surface, each bordered by a pale rim. The genus has a
pantropical to warm-temperate distribution, growing on shaded bark in humid
lowland or foothill rainforests, with over 60 species that often serve as
indicators of undisturbed forest habitats.
** Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed by the Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo
Massalongo in 1860.<ref name="Massalongo 1860"/> The genus was resurrected by
Frisch and colleagues in 2006 to include species earlier classified in
_Chroodiscus_, _Myriotrema_, _Ocellularia_, and _Thelotrema_.<ref name="Frisch
et al. 2006"/>
** Description
_Chapsa_ forms a thin, grey-whitish to pale olive crust (thallus) lacking a
true [cortex]. Its ascomata are [chroodiscoid]: they start as slits but
expand into round to angular discs level with the thallus, each bordered by a
pale, partly free [excipulum] armed with tiny [periphysoids]. The clear
hymenium has branched "_Chapsa_-type" paraphyses, is iodine-negative (I–), and
houses eight hyaline ascospores that are transversely 3–15-septate; a few
species develop longer, somewhat [muriform] spores. Most lack secondary
metabolites, though some produce norstictic acid or stictic acid that tint the
discs orange-brown.<ref name="Lücking & Rivas Plata 2008"/>
Molecular work has split off allied genera (e.g., _Astrochapsa_,
_Pseudochapsa_, _Nitidochapsa_) for lineages with divergent chemistries or
spores, yet all share the chroodiscoid discs, periphysoids and branched
paraphyses diagnostic for the group. Over 60 species remain in _Chapsa_, and
discoveries such as _C. murioelongata_ show that diversity is still being
revealed.<ref name="Dou et al. 2021"/>
** Ecology
_Chapsa_ has a pantropical to warm-temperate distribution, growing on shaded
bark below about 1000 m elevation in humid lowland or foothill rainforests;
some species extend into montane cloud forests above 2000 m.<ref name="Joshi
et al. 2012"/> Its preference for moist, mature forest canopies means several
species serve as indicators of undisturbed habitat, and surveys in China,
Brazil and India continue to uncover narrowly endemic taxa.<ref name="Dou et
al. 2021"/>
** Species
- _Chapsa albida_ [(Nyl.) Lücking & Sipman (2010)]
- _Chapsa alborosella_ [(Nyl.) Frisch (2006)]
- _Chapsa alletii_ [Diederich & Ertz (2020)]
- _Chapsa angustispora_ [E.L.Lima, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2016)]
- _Chapsa boninensis_ [(Tat.Matsumoto) Rivas Plata & Mangold (2010)]
- _CChapsa canaimae_ [Kalb (2020)]
- _Chapsa chionostoma_ [(Nyl.) Rivas Plata & Mangold (2010)]
- _Chapsa cinchonarum_ [(Fée) Frisch (2006)]
- _Chapsa constrictospora_ [Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2023)] <ref name="Aptroot et al. 2023"/> – Brazil
- _Chapsa defecta_ [Lücking (2012)]
- _Chapsa defectosorediata_ [Lücking (2012)]
- _Chapsa diorygmoides_ [Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2023)] <ref name="Aptroot et al. 2023"/> – Brazil
- _Chapsa diploschistoides_ [(Zahlbr.) Frisch (2006)]
- _Chapsa discoides_ [(Stirt.) Lücking (2012)]
- _Chapsa dissuta_ [(Hale) Mangold (2009)]
- _Chapsa eitenii_ [(Hale) Frisch (2006)]
- _Chapsa elabens_ [(Müll.Arg.) Rivas Plata & Mangold (2010)]
- _Chapsa farinosa_ [Lücking & Sipman (2012)]
- _Chapsa francisci_ [Sipman (2014)]
- _Chapsa granulifera_ [Frisch & Kalb (2009)]
- _Chapsa halei_ [Mangold (2009)]
- _Chapsa hiata_ [(Hale) Sipman (2012)]
- _Chapsa hypoconstictica_ [Rivas Plata & Lücking (2012)] <ref name="Plata & Lücking 2013"/>
- _Chapsa imperfecta_ [(Hale) Rivas Plata & Mangold (2010)]
- _Chapsa inconspicua_ [Lücking, B.Moncada & Álvaro (2023)] <ref name="Lücking et al. 2023"/> – Colombia
- _Chapsa indica_ [A.Massal. (1860)]
- _Chapsa inspersa_ [E.L.Lima & Lücking (2019)] <ref name="de Lima et al. 2019"/> – Brazil
- _Chapsa isidiata_ [Weerakoon, Lücking & Lumbsch (2014)]
- _Chapsa laemensis_ [(Homchant. & Coppins) Lumbsch & Papong (2010)]
- _Chapsa leprocarpa_ [(Nyl.) Frisch (2006)]
- _Chapsa lichexanthonica_ [Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2023)] <ref name="Aptroot et al. 2023"/> – Brazil
- _Chapsa meghalayensis_ [(Patw. & Nagarkar) Lumbsch & Divakar (2010)]
- _Chapsa microspora_ [Kalb (2011)]
- _Chapsa multicarpa_ [Lücking, Parnmen & Lumbsch (2015)]
- _Chapsa neei_ [(Hale) Mangold & Lücking (2010)]
- _Chapsa niveocarpa_ [Mangold (2009)]
- _Chapsa nubila_ [Sipman (2014)] <ref name="Sipman 2014"/>
- _Chapsa pallidella_ [Kalb (2009)]
- _Chapsa paralbida_ [(Riddle) Rivas Plata & Lücking (2010)]
- _Chapsa patens_ [(Nyl.) Frisch (2006)]
- _Chapsa perdissuta_ [Sipman & Lücking (2012)] <ref name="Sipman et al. 2012"/>
- _Chapsa pulchella_ [Wijey., Lücking & Lumbsch (2012)] <ref name="Wijeyaratne et al. 2012"/>
- _Chapsa pulchra_ [(Müll.Arg.) Mangold (2009)]
- _Chapsa referta_ [(Hale) Lücking (2012)]
- _Chapsa rubropruinosa_ [Messuti & Codesal (2010)]
- _Chapsa rubropulveracea_ [Hale ex Mangold, Lücking & Lumbsch (2011)]
- _Chapsa scabiocarpa_ [Rivas Plata & Lücking (2012)] <ref name="Plata & Lücking 2013"/> – Peru
- _Chapsa scabiomarginata_ [(Hale) Rivas Plata & Lücking (2010)]
- _Chapsa sorediata_ [Kalb (2009)]
- _Chapsa sublilacina_ [(Ellis & Everh.) M.Cáceres & Lücking (2007)]
- _Chapsa subsorediata_ [Rivas Plata & Lücking (2012)] <ref name="Plata & Lücking 2013"/> – Peru
- _Chapsa thallotrema_ [Lücking & N.Salazar (2011)]
- _Chapsa thambapanni_ [Weerakoon, Jayalal & Lücking (2015)] <ref name="Weerakoon et al. 2015"/> – Sri Lanka
- _Chapsa tibellii_ [Mangold (2009)]
- _Chapsa wijeyaratniana_ [Weerakoon, Lumbsch & Lücking (2012)]
** References
{{Reflist|refs=
[1]
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}}
[from=Q5073433]
Category:Graphidaceae Category:Lichen genera Category:Graphidales genera
Category:Taxa described in 1860 Category:Taxa named by Abramo Bartolommeo
Massalongo