From en.wikipedia.org:
[Species of fungus] [the cosmetics product] {{Speciesbox | name = Blusher |
image = Amanita rubescens.JPG | image_caption = _Amanita rubescens_ in Italy |
taxon = Amanita rubescens | authority = (Pers. ex Fr.) Gray }} {{mycomorphbox
| name = _Amanita rubescens_ | whichGills = free | capShape = flat |
hymeniumType = gills | stipeCharacter = ring | ecologicalType = mycorrhizal |
sporePrintColor = white | howEdible = edible | howEdible2 = caution }}
The BLUSHER is the common name for several closely related species of the
genus _Amanita_. _A. RUBESCENS_ (the BLUSHING AMANITA) is found in Eurasia
and _A. NOVINUPTA_ (the NEW BRIDE BLUSHING AMANITA or BLUSHING BRIDE)[1][2]
is found in western North America. Both their scientific and common names
stem from the tendency of their flesh to bruise pink.
Blushers are difficult to distinguish from similar species, but one
identifying feature is the pink bruising. The mushroom is edible and tasty,
sought for in several European countries.
** Taxonomy
_Amanita rubescens_ is native to Europe and Asia, with related species being
confused for it in other regions.[3] _Amanita novinupta_ can be found in
western North America.<ref name=":1" />
Other closely related species and variants include _Amanita brunneolocularis_,
_A. orsonii_, _A. rubescens_ var. _alba_, and _A. rubescens_ var.
_congolensis_.[4]<ref name="j707" />
** Description
_A. rubescens_ has a reddish-brown convex pileus (cap), which is [5–15]
across, and strewn with small white-to-mahogany warts.[5] It is sometimes
covered with an ochre-yellow flush which can be washed by the rain. The flesh
of the mushroom is white, becoming pink when bruised or exposed to air. The
stipe (stem) is white with flushes of the cap colour, and grows to 5–15
cm.<ref name=":0" /> The gills are white and free of the stem, and display red
spots when damaged. The ring is striate (i.e. has ridges) on its upper side.
The spores are white, ovate, amyloid,<ref name=":0" /> and approximately 8 by
5 μm in size. The flavour of the uncooked flesh is mild, but has a faint
acrid aftertaste. The smell is not strong.
_A. novinupta_ has a whitish cap 5–15 cm wide and stem up to 12 cm long.[6]
It also blushes pink<ref name=":1" /> and has a mild smell and white spore
print.<ref name="audu" />
*** Similar species
Several related species are difficult to distinguish.<ref name="audu" /> The
pink blush is a key feature in differentiating blushers from _A. pantherina_
(the poisonous false blusher), the flesh of which does not. _A. pantherina_
also lacks a striate ring.
{{gallery|mode=packed |Amanita.Amerirubescens.001.jpg|_Amanita_
'amerirubescens' <!--not a published name per Index Fungorum?-->
|Amanita.Amerirubescens.002.jpg|Underside of _A._ 'amerirubescens' <!--not a
published name per Index Fungorum?--> |Muchomůrka růžová 1.jpg|Blushers at
various ages |Amanita rubescens 12.jpg|_A. rubescens_ |Amanita rubescens f.
annulosulphurea.jpg|_A. rubescens_ f. annulosulphurea |Amanita
rubescens100.jpg|_A. rubescens_ cap |Amanita rubescens group.jpg|Illustration
of _A. rubescens_ group }}
** Distribution and habitat
_A. rubescens_ is common throughout much of Europe and Asia. It grows on
poor soils as well as in deciduous and coniferous woodlands, appearing from
June through to November in the UK. It has also been recorded from South
Africa, where it is thought to have been accidentally introduced with trees
imported from Europe.[7]
_A. novinupta_ is found in western North America, especially California.<ref
name="audu" /> Additionally, there are several North American species known as
_A. amerirubescens_.<ref name="j707" />
** Ecology
The mushroom is often attacked by insects.[date=November 2023]
In eastern North America, species in the _A. rubescens_ group are frequently
parasitized by _Hypomyces hyalinus_. Parasitized fruiting bodies are
extremely difficult to recognize unless they occur in conjunction with healthy
ones, although some retain the "blushing" characteristic of the species.[8]
** Uses
_A. rubescens_ is edible when cooked.[9] _A. rubescens_ contains a toxic
hemolytic protein in its raw state, although it is not apparently harmful to
consume and can be destroyed by cooking.[10] It is noted in some mushroom
books as poisonous, with David Pegler stating that if eaten raw in large
quantities it can cause severe anaemia if left untreated; Pegler classifies it
as a blood cell-damaging (haemolytic-poisoning) mushroom.[11] It also
resembles some toxic species.[12]
** See also
[Fungi]
- List of _Amanita_ species
** References
[Reflist] Easy Edible mushroom Gide by Prof. David Pegler ISBN 185410631-7
** External links
[Commons]
- "Tabular and Nontabular Keys to the Rubescent Species of _Amanita_ section _Validae_ " (see http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/key.dir/valirube.pdf) by Rodham E. Tulloss, March 10, 2003.
*** _Amanita rubescens_
- "Amanita rubescens" (see http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_rubescens.html) by Michael Kuo, _MushroomExpert.Com_ , March 2003.
- "Amanita rubescens Pers.:Fr." (see https://web.archive.org/web/20061207054623/http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/ruberube.html) by Rodham E. Tulloss, June 25, 2006.
*** _Amanita novinupta_
- "Amanita novinupta" (see http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_novinupta.html) by Michael Kuo, _MushroomExpert.Com_ , March 2003.
- "Amanita novinupta Tulloss & J. Lindgr." (see https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070358/http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/novinupt.html) by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.
- "Amanita novinupta" (see http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Amanita_novinupta.html) by Michael Wood & Fred Stevens, _MykoWeb_ , 2004. And will
*** Other species
- "Amanita brunneolocularis Tulloss, Ovrebo & Halling" (see https://web.archive.org/web/20061207054336/http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/brunlocu.html) by Rodham E. Tulloss, October 6, 2006.
- "Amanita flavorubens (Berk. & Mont.) Sacc." (see https://web.archive.org/web/20070205064124/http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/flavorub.html) by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.
- "Amanita flavorubescens" (see http://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_flavorubescens.html) by Michael Kuo, _MushroomExpert.Com_ , September 2002.
- "Amanita orsonii A. Kumar & T. N. Lakh." (see https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070618/http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/orsoniis.html) by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.
- "Amanita rubescens var. alba Coker" (see https://web.archive.org/web/20061207054348/http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/rubealba.html) by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.
- "Amanita rubescens var. congolensis Beeli" (see https://web.archive.org/web/20061207054551/http://pluto.njcc.com/~ret/amanita/species/congolen.html) by Rodham E. Tulloss, July 25, 2006.
[Poisonous Amanitas] [Amanitas] [from=Q623485]
Category:Amanita Category:Fungi of Europe Category:Fungi of the United States
Category:Poisonous fungi Category:Fungi without expected TNC conservation
status Category:Fungus species